Appendicular skeleton.pptx

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1. School of Health and Medical Sciences State University of Zanzibar 2020 SKELETAL SYSTEM: Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton HUMAN ANATOMY

2. Learning Objectives By the end of this session, students should be able to: Explain divisions of Skeleton of the Upper Limb. Mention regions of Skeleton of the Upper Limb. Describe the bones of the Upper Limb. Explain divisions of Skeleton of the Lower Limb. Mention regions of Skeleton of the Lower Limb. Describe the bones of the Lower Limb.

3. Introduction Adult human skeleton has 206 bones axial skeleton has 80 bones appendicular has 126 appendicular skeleton consists of bones “appended” to axial skeleton girdles are bones that attach primary function is movement

4. Figure 7.1

5. Skeleton of the upper limb shoulder girdle Regions of the free part

6. Upper limb The upper limb or superior appendicular skeleton is studied in 2 parts: 1- Pectoral or shoulder girdle (formed by the scapulae and clavicles ) 2- Regions of the free part such as: -Arm ( where the humerus is) -Forearm ( that contains the ulna and radius ) -Hand (which is divided in 3 regions: carpus, metacarpus and phalanges)

7. Skeleton of the upper limb shoulder girdle Regions of the free part

8. Concept Pectoral Girdle

9. Parts of the upper limb Regions Bones joints Pectoral or Shoulder girdle Scapula Clavicle Sternoclavicular joint Acromioclavicular joint Arm Humerus Elbow joint Forearm Radius and ulna Radioulnar proximal joint Radioulnar distal joint Hands Carpus Metacarpus phalanges Radiocarpal joint Interphalangeal joints

10. Pectoral Girdle attach bones of upper limbs to axial skeleton clavicle shaped anterior part of thorax superior to first rib scapula large triangular flat bone superior posterior thorax between levels of second and seventh ribs

11. Figure 8.1

12. CLAVICLE Classification: Flat and long bone Situated in the anterosuperior part of the thorax It connects the upper limb to the trunk It has 2 epiphyses or ends: - medial or sternal: (where it articulates with the manubrium of the sternum at the sternoclavicular joint. ). It has shape of saddle - lateral or acromial : ( It is flat where it articulates with the acromion of the scapula at the acromioclavicular joint )

13. The body of the bone or diaphysis has shape of S letter

14. CLAVICLE It has 2 surfaces: - Superior: - Inferior : (where the conoid tubercle is located) It has 2 convexities in its body: - anterior or sternal - posterior or acromial

15. Figure 8.2

16. SCAPULA

17. Classification: Flat bone It has a triangular shape It has 3 borders: - medial: (It extends from the inferior to the superior angle ) (It is near to the vertebral column) - lateral - superior: ( where the suprascapular notch and the coracoid process are located ) SCAPULA

18. It has 3 angles: - superior - inferior -lateral: where the glenoid cavity is located, and it is the articular surface that articulates with the head of the humerus bone in the shoulder joint. Also there is a labrum that increases the depth of the cavity and the amplitude of movements. Above the glenoid cavity the supraglenoid tubercle is located, where the long head of the biceps muscle is attached. Below the glenoid cavity the infraglenoid tubercle is situated, where the long head of triceps muscle is attached. The neck of the scapula is located in this angle too.

19. It has 2 surfaces: -Anterior or Costal: Which is occupied by the subscapularis muscle, situated on the subscapular fossa. -Posterior or Dorsal: It is divided by the spine of the scapula into a small upper and a large lower area called supraspinous and infraspinous fossa. The spine continues laterally with the acromion, and this one has an articular surface for the juction with the acromial part of the clavicle.

20. Figure 8.3a

21. Figure 8.3b

22. Figure 8.4

23. Concept Upper Limb

24. Upper Limb Humerus longest and largest bone of upper limb articulates with scapula (proximal end) ulna and radius (distal end) rounded proximal head anatomical neck below several markings

25. HUMERUS

26. HUMERUS Classification: long bone It is the arm bone It is the largest bone in the upper limb It articulates with the scapula at the glenohumeral joint and the radius and ulna at the elbow joint Anatomical details of the proximal end or proximal epiphysis: the head of the humerus , the anatomical neck (located below the head) the surgical neck , a common site of fracture (located below the anatomical neck) the greater tubercle and crest of the greater tubercle the lesser tubercle and the crest of the lesser tubercle Between the 2 crest the intertubercular (bicipital) groove is located

27. HUMERUS Anatomical details of the distal end or distal epiphysis: medial epicondyle lateral epicondyle trochlea (between the epicondyles) capitulum (laterally to the trochlea) olecranon fossa coronoid fossa radial fossa Sulcus for ulnar nerve

28. HUMERUS Anatomical details of the body: the deltoid tuberosity: laterally, for attachment of the deltoid muscle groove for radial nerve

29. Upper Limb ulna medial aspect of forearm pinky side longer than radius several markings radius lateral aspect of forearm thumb side proximal end has disc shaped head articulate with one another at three sites carpals (wrist) metacarpals (palms) phalanges (finger bones)

30. ULNA Classification: long bone It is the medial bone of the forearm It is medial to the radius in the supinated forearm (anatomical position) Anatomical details of the proximal end or proximal epiphysis: Olecranon ( for articulation with the olecranon fossa of the humerus ) Coronoid process Trochlear notch (which articulates with the trochlea of the humerus) Radial notch ( which articulates with the radial head ) Tuberosity of the ulna (for attachment of the tendon of the brachialis muscle)

31. ULNA Anatomical details of the body: The interosseous border

32. ULNA Anatomical details of the distal end or distal epiphysis: Head of the ulna Articular circumference of head of ulna (which articulates with the cubital notch of radius) Medial or cubital styloid process

33. RADIUS Classification: long bone It is the lateral bone of the forearm It is lateral to the ulna in the supinated forearm (anatomical position) Anatomical details of the proximal end or proximal epiphysis : Head of radius (that includes :) The superior articular surface ( which articulates with capitulum of the humerus ) The articular circumference of the radium ( which articulates with the radial notch of the ulna ) Neck of the radius Radial tuberosity

34. RADIUS Anatomical details of the body: The interosseous border

35. RADIUS Anatomical details of the distal end or distal epiphysis: Radial or lateral s tyloid process Inferior or carpal articular surface (wich articulates with the 3 first bones of the first line of the carpus : scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum or pyramidal)

36. Figure 8.5

37. Figure 8.6

38. Figure 8.7a

39. Figure 8.7b

40. Figure 8.7c

41. CARPUS It contains eight bones in 2 lines: Proximal (where appear scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum or pyramidal and pisiform ) Distal (where appear trapezium, trapezoid, capitate and hamate )

42. METACARPUS They are long bones . The metacarpus consists of five metacarpal bones, conventionally numbered in radio-ulnar order (fisrt, second, third, fourth, fifth) They have a distal head for articulating with the proximal phalanges

43. PHALANGES They are long bones . There are 14 phalanges, three in each finger (proximal, middle and distal), and just two in the thumb (proximal and distal)

44. Figure 8.8ab

45. Figure 8.8c

46. Concept Pelvic Girdle

47. Parts of the lower limb Regions Bones joints Gluteal region : covers the side and back of the pelvis Hip bone Hip joint Thigh : from hip to knee Femur and Patella Knee joint Leg or crus : from knee to ankle Tibia and Fibula Tibio -fibular joints Foot or pes : from heel to toes 7- tarsal bones 5-metatarsal bones 14-phalanges Ankle joint Subtalar and transverse tarsal joints Tarsometatarsal joints. Intermetatarsal joint Metatarsophalangeal joints Interphalangeal joints

48. Gluteal region Back of thigh Back of leg Front of thigh Front Dorsum of the foot Sole of foot Popliteal fossa Knee region Ankle region

49. BONES OF LOWER LIMB Hip bone Femur Patella Tibia Fibula 7 tarsal bones 14 phalanges

50. Bones of lower limb (62) Pelvic girdle Bones of free lower limb Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Anterior view Pelvic girdle Femur Patella Fibula Tibia Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Foot bones

51. Pelvic Girdle hip bones also known as coxal bones anterior cartilage called pubic symphysis bones called bony pelvis ilium largest ischium inferior posterior portion of hip bone pubis most anterior at pubic symphysis

52. Features acetabulum where femur articulates false and true pelves see table 8.1

53. Ilium Ischium Obturator foramen acetabulum Pubis arcuate line auricular surface iliac tuberosity anterior superior/inferior iliac spine iliac crest iliac tuberosity posterior superior/inferior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch pubic pecten symphysial surface iliac spine Lesser sciatic notch ischial tuberosity pubic arch Lateral view of the right hip bone medial view of the right hip bone pelvic girdle Hip bone Pubis Ilium Ischium arcuate line ala body body ramus inferior ramus superior ramus body Obturator foramen pubic tubercle pubic crest pubic symphysis subpubic angle

54. Hip / innominate bone Large irregular bone Made up of three parts Superiorly: the ilium (Latin-loin) Anteroinferiorly : the pubis (L. genital area) Posteroinferiorly : the ischium (G. hip joint) The three parts are joined at a cup-shaped hollow, called the acetabulum

55. Side determination The acetabulum is directed laterally The flat, expanded ilium forms the upper part of the bone, that lies above the acetabulum The obturator foramen lies below the acetabulum; it is bounded anteriorly by the thin pubis and posteriorly by the thick and strong ischium

56. Hip ( Coxal ) bone (internal sorface ) Arcuate line Auricular sorface ( for sacrum) Obturator foramen

57. Hip ( Coxal ) bone (external sorface ) Lunate surface of acetabulum Ischial tuberosity Obturator foramen Wing ( ala) of ilium

58. Table 8.1 pt 1

59. Table 8.1 pt 2

60. Table 8.1 pt 3

61. Concept Male and Female Pelves

62. Pelves Male pelves generally larger and heavier more prominent markings Female pelves generally wider and shallower less prominent markings

63. Figure 8.9

64. Figure 8.10a

65. Figure 8.10b

66. Figure 8.10c

67. Figure 8.11a

68. Figure 8.11b

69. Table 8.1 pt 1

70. Table 8.1 pt 2

71. Table 8.1 pt 3

72. Concept Lower Limb

73. Bones of Lower Limb Femur longest, heaviest, strongest bone in body proximal articulates with hips distal articulates with tibia and patella patella only common sesamoid bone increases leverage of tendon protects knee joint

74. Bones of Lower Limb tibia larger medial weight bearing bone of lower leg fibula parallel and lateral to tibia much smaller lateral maleolus “ankle” on lateral surface of ankle

75. anterior view posterior view anterior view posterior view anterior view posterior view superior view femur fibula tibia patella upper end: head neck lesser / greater trochanter shaft lower end: lateral / medial condyle upper end: lateral / medial condyle tibial tuberosity intercondylar eminence shaft lower end: medial malleolus upper end: fibular head shaft lower end: lateral malleolus femoral head fovea of femoral head greater trochanter lesser trochanter intertrochanteric line intertrochanteric crest gluteal tuberosity linea aspera adductor tubercle medial condyle lateral condyle lateral epicondyle medial epicondyle intercondylar fossa medial condyle lateral condyle tibial tuberosity medial malleolus lateral malleolus inferior view Intercondylar eminence (Rough) (smooth) patellar surface

76. FEMUR The femur or thigh bone is the longest and strongest bone of the body Like any other typical long bone, it has two ends upper and lower, and a shaft.

77. Head Neck Shaft Medial epicondyle Medial epicondyle Femur-anterior view Lateral condyle

78. Head Neck Greater trochanter Lesser trochanter Linear aspera Medial epicondyle Posterior view

79. Lateral condyle Medial condyle Femur Tibia Fibula

80. Figure 8.12

81. Figure 8.13ab

82. Figure 8.13c

83. BONES OF THE LEG

84. Tibia Fibula Upper end Medial malleolus Head of fibula Lateral malleolus Neck of fibula Tibial tuberocity

85. Figure 8.14

86. Figure 8.15ab

87. Figure 8.15c

88. Bones of Lower Limb tarsals ankle bones metatarsals foot bones phalanges toe bones

89. BONES OF THE FOOT Includes Tarsal bones at the ankle region (7 each foot) Metatarsal bones(5 for each foot) Phalanges (14 )

90. Metatarsals P halanges Tarsals

91. TARSALS

92. METATARSAL BONES 1 st 5 th Naming of the metatarsal bones start from medial to lateral i.e. from big toe to little toe.

93. PHALANGES Hallux (big toe) possesses only two phalanges while the Other toes possess three phalanges each

94. talus calcaneus navicular cuboid lateral cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform medial cuneiform distal middle proximal Foot bones lateral view upper view medial view lower view metatarsals talus phalanges tarsals calcaneus navicular cuboid 3 cuneiforms

95. Figure 8.16ab

96. Figure 8.16c

97. End Chapter