Application of bernoulli's equation

This ppt is more useful for Civil Engineering students.

I have prepared this ppt during my college days as a part of semester evaluation . Hope this will help to current civil students for their ppt presentations and in many more activities as a part of their semester assessments.

I have prepared this ppt as per the syllabus concerned in the particular topic of the subject, so one can directly use it just by editing their names.

1. Vishwakarma Government Engineering College, Chandkheda Name - Vekaria Darshil(150170106061) Branch - Civil Engineering Sub - FM Sem -3 Topic – Application Of Bernoulli’s Equation (Venturimeter,Orificemeter,Pitot tube)

2. no work or heat interaction between a fluid element and the surrounding takes place. The flow must be incompressible Friction by viscous forces has to be negligible. Bernoulli's Theorem Assumptions:

3. This equation was developed first by Daniel Bernoulli in 1738. Bernoulli's Theorem flow work per unit mass kinetic energy per unit mass potential energy per unit mass

4. Where, h f represents the frictional work done (the work done against the fluid friction) per unit weight of a fluid element while moving from a station 1 to 2 along a streamline in the direction of flow. Bernoulli's Theorem with Head Loss

5. Orifice meter Venturi meter Application of Bernoulli’s Law

6. It is a device used for the measurement of flow in a pipeline. Based on Principle of Bernoulli’s theorem. It consist of 3 parts: Converging Cone. Short cylindrical throat. Diverging cone. Venturimeter

7. Converging Cone: The function of converging cone is to accelerate the flow and create pressure difference between the inlet to converging cone and the throat. Angle of Diverging cone is from 14˚ to 20˚. Venturimeter

8. Short Cylindrical throat: The function of throat is to stabilize the flow and facilitate the provision of pressure tapping. Diameter Ratio: d/D = 0.4 to 0.7 Where, D= Diameter of Pipeline d= Diameter of throat Venturimeter

9. Diverging cone: The function of diverging cone is to reduce the velocity and increase the pressure to its original value to the extent it is possible practically. Angle of Diverging cone is from 5˚ to 7˚ Venturimeter

10. As the cross section of the throat is smaller than the cross sectional area of the inlet section, the velocity of flow at the throat will become greater than that at the inlet section, according to continuity equation . Working.

11. Venturimeter Figure shows that a venturimeter is inserted in an inclined pipe line in a vertical plane to measure the flow rate through the pipe. Let us consider a steady, ideal and one dimensional (along the axis of the venturi meter) flow of fluid. Under this situation, the velocity and pressure at any section will be uniform. Let the velocity and pressure at the inlet (Sec. 1) are V 1 and p 1 respectively, while those at the throat (Sec. 2) are V 2 and p 2 .

12. Now, applying Bernoulli’s equation between Section 1 and 2, we get Venturimeter where ρ is the density of fluid flowing through the venturimeter. From continuity, where A 1 and A 2 are the cross-sectional areas of the venturi meter at its throat and inlet respectively. With the help of Eq. 1, Eq. 2 can be written as piezometric pressure heads respectively at point 1 & 2 respectively .

13. Venturimeter Hence, the volume flow rate through the pipe is given by This is the Equation of Discharge of flow through venturimeter. Actual Discharge can be calculated by Multiplying the Theoretical Discharge with Coefficient of Discharge. The value of coefficient of discharge is ranging from 0.91 to 0.99, depends upon the condition of flow and losses.

14. Merits: Recovery of Pressure is near original value Loss of energy is minimum. Demerits: Its cost is High. Occupies more space than orifice meter. Merit & Demerits

15. Calculating flow rate of fluid in a tube . Setting the flow of gasoline in the ignition system of a motor vehicle . In the field of medicine, has also designed venturi meter is used to measure the rate of blood flow in the arteries . Uses & Applications

16. It may be installed in pipeline with a minimum of trouble and expense Orifice meter

17. Orifice meter is device used to determine the rate of flow through pipe. It consist of flat circular plate which has a sharp edged circular hole called orifice. It is fixed concentric to pipe. The orifice diameter is generally kept half of the diameter of the pipe. It is based on the same principle as explained in venturimeter. The value of C d varies between 0.60 to 0.65. It is a economical and less space is requred for fitting. Working:-

18. For venturi tube, there is no contraction- Area of the jet is always equal to the area of the throat and is fixed While for the orifice the area of the jet is a variable (less than A o , the area of the orifice) For venturitube C d = C v (C c =1.0) While for the orifice, it is much more affected by variations in C c than it is by variations in C v Difference between an Orifice meter and Venturimeter

19. Pitot tube:- A pitot tube is a simple device used for meausuring the velocity of a flow at the required point in a pipe or steam. It is also called as impact tube or stagnation tube.

20. The basic pitot tube consists of a tube pointing directly into the fluid flow. As this tube contains fluid, a pressure can be measured; the moving fluid is brought to rest (stagnates) as there is no outlet to allow flow to continue. This pressure is the  stagnation pressure  of the fluid, also known as the total pressure or (particularly in aviation) the pitot pressure. The measured stagnation pressure cannot itself be used to determine the fluid flow velocity (airspeed in aviation). However, Beronulli’s equation  states: Stagnation pressure = static pressure + dynamic pressure Operation:-

21. THANK YOU