Applications of animal biotechnology

Biotechnological application in many Animal sectors are presented here....

1. Welcome

2. Applications Of Animal Biotechnology

3. Group Members Md. Shahnewaz Parvez , ID No.:1506017 Samaun Nasaba Parvez , ID No.:1506018 Ibtida Tabassum Ishmam , ID No.:1506019 Jahanara Khanom Joty , ID No.:1506020 Mst.Yeasmin Akter , ID No.:1506022 Tahera Lasker , ID No.:1506025 Saikot Roy, ID No.:1506027 Faculty of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100

4. Overview Stem Cells Biopharming Transgenic Animals Transplantation & Drug development Therapeutics,diagnostics & Molecular Medicine Breeding

5. Introduction Animal Biotechnology is a new technology that opened many doors in animal farm, medical and research fields. The art and science of producing genetically engineered animals. The technology has already produced transgenic animals such as mice, rats, pigs, sheep and cows .

6. Sectors of Applications o f Animal Biotechnology Stem Cells research Transgenic Animals production Biopharming Transplantation & Drug development Therapeutics, diagnostics & Molecular Medicine Breeding

7. Stem cells are cells that can differentiate into other types of cells, and can also divide in self-renewal to produce more of the same type of stem cells. Figure 1: Stem cell Stem cells

8. In treatment of many disease using stem cell therapy technique Production of clone animal Drug effect testing Many research purposes Applications of Stem cells

9. Stem cell therapy is a set of techniques that aims to replace cells damaged or destroyed by disease with healthy functioning ones . The techniques themselves are still relatively new but their applications and benefits are broad. Stem Cell Therapy is now widely used in treatment of many diseases. Stem Cell Therapy

10. Diabetes Rheumatoid arthritis Parkinson's disease Alzheimer's disease Osteoarthritis Stroke and traumatic brain injury repair Learning disability due to congenital disorder Spinal cord injury repair Heart infarction Treatment of Diseases Using Stem Cell

11. Anti-cancer treatments Baldness reversal Replace missing teeth Repair hearing Restore vision and repair damage to the cornea Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Crohn's disease Wound healing Male infertility Cont.

12. New drugs can be tested on stem cells to assess their safety before testing drugs on animal and human models. For example, a cancer cell line could be created to test an anti-tumor drug . The current benefits of stem cell usage are already well documented and it is expected that continued research will pave the way for new treatments. Stem Cells and Drug Testing

13. Figure 2: Procedure of Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) Cloning

14. Reproductive cloning usually employs a technique called somatic cell nuclear transfer. In the process of SCNT, they treat the reconstructed egg with chemicals or electricity to stimulate cell division if the egg divides normally and forms a blastocyst. It will transfer it into a surrogate mother to develop into a new identical clone animal . Reproductive Cloning

15. A major benefit of therapeutic cloning is that the cells removed are pluripotent & can give rise to all cells in the body with the exception of the embryo. Cloning has the potentiality to dramatically reduce the wait times for organ transplants as well as the immunological concerns associated with organ transplant therapy. Therapeutic Cloning

16. Figure 3: Comparison between Therapeutic & Reproductive Cloning

17. S tem cell transplant is used in treatment of macular degeneration in eye which cause blindness. The stem cells were able to replace the damaged photoreceptors, which are small, important cells found in the retina. These photoreceptors have vital ability to visualize things and they are very sensitive to light. Stem Cells To Treat Blindness

18. Figure 4: Stem cell therapy for diabetes treatment Stem Cells For Diabetes Treatment

19. Multiple Sclerosis, or MS, is a disorder of the nervous system that can cause loss of balance and can cause loss of sensation in the limbs . For the treatment of MS patients,stem cells are obtained from their own bone marrow & targeting the affected areas and replacing or replenishing the depleted and damaged cell. Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cells

20. B one morphogenic proteins are responsible for ageing. T he stem cells a re less able to multiply that ultimately leads to a reduction in the numbers of stem cells present in the body . In these treatment process, the signaling between these proteins are increased, therefore, the stem cell populations are also increased, which further strengthened the connection between stem cells and aging. Stem Cells And Ageing

21. Stem cells therapy are also used in hearing loss treatment. In these treatment method, Embryonic Stem Cells is used to replace or compensate the damage cells Stem Cells And Hearing Loss

22. During Alzheimer's disease, it has loss of connections from one neuron to another in the human brain. N eural stem cells are used for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease This cells replace the damage cell and improve connection among neuron cells. Besides the stem cells secrete a special protein. This particular protein triggers the growth of new neurites . Stem Cells & Alzheimer's Disease

23. Silicon implant technique is used for breast augmentation. S tem cell therapy suggests that 'natural' breast implants that may be more feasible without the complications of traditional breast implants . S tem cells from stomach fat and then growing the cells in the woman's breasts. Breast Implants From Stem Cells

24. Leukemia is treated with bone marrow transplant One of the problems with traditional bone marrow therapies is that the donor has to be a match to the cancer patient In newer approaches, the technique removes the need for the donor to match the patient. The higher concentration of stem cells provides more successful results, helping improve patient outcomes. Stem Cell In Leukemia

25. Transgenic animals are the one that carries a foreign gene inserted into their genome so as to alter their DNA . Several transgenic animals are created including mice, pigs , rabbits, rats, cows, fish, and sheep. Transgenic animal

26. The strategy used to achieve transgenic animal- A cloned gene is injected into the nucleus of a fertilized egg Fertilized eggs are implanted into a receptive female Some of the offspring carry the cloned gene in all of their cells Animals with the cloned gene cells are bred to establish new genetic lines Cont.

27. Figure 5: Establishing transgenic mice with retroviral vectors Cont .

28. Applications of transgenic Mice Transgenic mice can be used as model systems for determining the biological basis of human diseases. It is an exemplary system for proving whether the production of a potential therapeutic agent is feasible .

29. Mouse models for human genetic diseases: Alzheimer disease Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Huntington disease Muscular dystrophy Tumorigenesis etc. Cont.

30. Application of Transgenic Livestock Transgenic animal Production of Pharmaceutical Production of Donor Organs Improving Production Traits I mproving milk quality Creating disease-resistant animal

31. Cont. Figure 6: Production of disease-resistant Livestock

32. Resistance to viral, bacterial, and coccidial diseases Better feed efficiency Lower fat and cholesterol levels in eggs Better meat quality Egg with high protein content, could be used as a source for pharmaceutical proteins Increase secretion large amounts of ovalbumin Transgenic Poultry

33. As natural fisheries become depleted, production of this worldwide food resource has come to depend more heavily on aquaculture. In this context, enhanced growth rates, tolerance of environmental stress, and resistance to diseases are some of the features that may be created by transgenesis . Transgenic Fish

34. Biopharming Biopharming is the production and use of transgenic plants and animals genetically engineered to produce pharmaceutical substances for use in humans or animals Also known as molecular farming or molecular pharming . Most important utilization of transgenic animals involving the target production of therapeutically recognized proteins.

35. Transgenic animals as bioreactor They are Genetically modified by stable incorporation of foreign DNA into their genome. Expressing recombinant proteins in milk, urine, blood, sperm, or eggs, or even to grow organs for transplantation. Having post translational modification machinery (glycosylation , phosphorylation etc) essential for proper folding and functioning of complex eukaryotic proteins.   

36. Commonly used transgenic animals Rabbit Goat Sheep Pigs Cows Mice

37. Growth factors Hormones Antithrombin III α 1 - Antitrypsin Calcitonin Erythropoietin Fibrinogen Hemoglobin Human serum albumin Products

38. Insulin α- Lactalbumin Human tissue plasminogen activator Lactoferrin Lysozyme Interferons Immunoglobulins Spider silk proteins Blood clotting proteins Cont.

39. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1 ) Stable production of IGF-1in the milk of transgenic mice. The transgene gene consisting of the cDNA for human IGF-1 and a mammary gland specific expression cassette derived from bovine alpha-S1-casein sequences. Transgene expression was shown to be strictly tissue and lactation period specific with the average production of 543 ± 41 µg/ml protein.

40. Human nerve growth factor ( hNGF ) hNGF is a clinically effective protein in the treatment of many human neuronal and non-neuronal diseases . A transgenic mouse line has been generated carrying a salivary gland specific promoter-driven hNGF transgene . This mouse line secretes high level of hNGF protein in their saliva ( 1.36  μg / mL ).

41. Human growth hormone Transgenic rabbit has been used to produce the hGH in their milk. The expression pattern of recombinant human growth hormone ( rhGH ) in transgenic rabbits consists of hGH genomic sequences and the rat whey acidic protein (WAP) promoter . Biologically active hGH was detected in the female rabbit up to the level of 10   μg /ml.

42. Recombinant human antithrombin III Transgenic cloned goats are considered as the best candidate for the production of recombinant human antithrombin III ( rhATIII ). The transgene construct consists of the human ATIII cDNA and enterokinase recognised peptide-DNA sequence which are ligated to a goat beta-casein promoter and poly (A) singling sequences , neomycin selection gene is linked at the end of the poly (A) singling region.

43. Cont. The transgenic cloned goat are derived from by the nuclear transplantation of the goat fetal fibroblast which is transfected by the transgene construct .

44. Human α 1 ‐antitrypsin (α 1 AT ) Transgenic sheep have a great potential for the large scale production of α 1 AT. Gene construct comprises cDNA sequences encoding human alpha‐1‐antitrypsin (α 1 AT) which is inserted into the first exon of the ovine β‐ lactoglobulin gene (BLG ). The recombinant α 1 AT protein are biologically active and shows the same electrophoretic mobility as human plasma‐derived α 1 AT

45. Recombinant human erythropoietin Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone  produced primarily by the kidneys plays a key role in the production of red blood cells. A line of transgenic swine has been developed harboring recombinant human erythropoietin ( hEPO ) through microinjection into fertilized pig zygotes . The milk from the transgenic pigs has been analyzed which produces a significant amount of hEPO protein (877.9 ± 92.8 IU/1 ml).

46. Recombinant human fibrinogen Transgenic mice have been used for the high level expression of r-human fibrinogen to the mammary gland. The transgene construct consists of three expression cassettes, each containing the genomic sequence for one of the three human fibrinogen chains which are controlled by sheep whey protein beta- lactoglobulin promoter sequences.

47. Cont. P olyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of milk of the transgenic mice demonstrated the presence of human fibrinogen subunits at concentrations of 2000 micrograms/ml Incubation of the transgenic milk with thrombin and factor XIII resulted in a cross-linked fibrin clot, indicating that a major portion of the secreted fibrinogen was functional

48. Recombinant human serum albumin Transgenic cattle expressing high levels of recombinant human serum albumin (HSA) in their milk may as an alternative source for commercial production Cattle were genetically modified to express HSA in milk using phiC31 integrase system and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT )

49. The mammary-specific expression plasmid pIACH (-), containing the attB recognition site for phiC31 integrase , were co- transfected with integrase expression plasmid pCMVInt into bovine fetal fibroblast cells (BFFs). The phiC31 integrase system is an efficient and safety gene delivery tool for producing HSA transgenic cattle Cont.

50. human plasminogen activator ( rhPA ) Expression efficacy of recombinant human plasminogen activator in homozygous transgenic rabbits is significantly very high. Homozygous transgenic rabbits were obtained using an effective rhPA mammary‑specific expression vector PCL25/ rhPA The expression of rhPA in homozygous transgenic rabbit was ~950 µg/ml, which was markedly higher in comparison with that in hemizygote rabbits

51. human Interferon-γ Human interferon-γ ( hIFN -γ) is a key cytokine endowed with multiple biological activities such as antiviral, antibacterial, antiparasitic , antiproliferative , and immunomodulatory activity A transgenic mouse line has been generated for expressing the hIFN -γ gene under the control of the murine whey acidic protein ( mWAP ) gene promoter into the mammary glands of lactating mice

52. S pider silk Spiders ' silk-spinning genes are incorporated into goats to harvest the silk protein from the goats’ milk for a variety of applications . Due to its strength and elasticity, spider silk fiber could have several medical uses, such as for making artificial ligaments and tendons, for eye sutures, and for jaw repair. The silk could also have applications in bulletproof vests and improved car airbags

53. Therapeutics Human tissue plasminogen activator - to remove blood clots. Recombinant human proinsulin - to increase the mature insulin concentrations. Protein C - regulating inflammation, anti-coagulation and cell death and maintain the permeability of blood vessel walls in humans and other animals.

54. Human serum albumin - helps to maintain the osmotic pressure between the blood vessels and tissue. ATryn - used as an anti-coagulant in the treatment of hereditary AT ( Antithrombin ) deficiency. Human Growth Hormone ( somatropin ) - treatment of turner syndrome, increasing tissue and bone growth, decreasing body fat storage. Cont

55. Alpha-1-antitrypsin (α 1 -antitrypsin) - to protect the lungs from damage caused by activated enzyme elastase . Myelin basic protein (MBP) - treatment of multiple sclerosis Interferon α-2β - treatment of chronic hepatitis, hairy leukemia , chronic myelogenous leukemia and multiple myeloma. Figure 8 : Interferon α-2β Cont .

56. Human haemoglobin - used for blood transfusions. Human calcitonin - treatment of osteoporosis, Pagets disease and hypercalcemic shock. Figure 9: Human calcitonin Cont.

57. Molecular Medicine Tissue engineering is used to rise artificial skin, cartilage and bone marrow. Figure 10: Tissue engineering and cell therapy

58. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) is used to monitor tumor cells in gene therapy technology, to study the protein-protein interactions Human enzyme deoxyribonuclease I ( DNase I) is used for the treatment of Cystic fibrosis. Figure 11 : Dnase I Cont.

59. Diagnostics FISH (Fluorescent In-Situ Hybridisation) and ELISA (Enzymes Linked Immuno -Sorbent Assay) assay Nucleic Acid Diagnostic Systems for gene therapy PCR-based diagnostic kits is used to detection and quantitation of – Human immunodeficiency virus Trypanosoma cruzi Mycobacterium tuberculosis

60. Applications of Animal Biotechnology in Breeding Somatic cell nuclear transfer Atificial Insemination(AI) In-vitro fertilization(IVF)

61. Artificial insemination(AI) Figure 12: Artificial Insemination(AI) in cattle

62. Advantages of AI Superior sire can be raised Small quantity of semen can inseminate many females Proper method help in disease control More female at heat can be inseminated simultaneously Increase the rate of conception Help in better record keeping

63. Disadvantages of AI Required well trained operations and special equipments Requires more time than natural services Semen has to be tested properly Costly Estrous detection must be good.

64. In-vitro fertilization(IVF) Figure 13: In-vitro fertlization in cattle

65. Advantages of IVF Fertilization is confirmed before implantation Low cost compared to other ART Disadvantages of IVF Timing in the process of insemination is important Low success rate, results are only 10-20%

66. Application of animal biotechnology in drug development Production of human insulin Monoclonal antibody Human growth hormone Vaccines Gene therapy

67. Monoclonal antibody Antibodies derived from a single clone of cells which recognize only one kind of antigen, are called mono­clonal antibodies.  The technique of producing monoclonal antibodies by fusing normal antibody-producing cells with cells from cancerous tumors was introduced by Georges Kohler and Cesar Milstein in 1970.

68. Monoclonal antibodies are used as- To measure the amount of steroid hormones To study antigens on the surface of cancer cells. An anticancer drugs To remove toxins from the bloodstream. One of the most effective applications of monoclonal antibodies is immune suppression for kidney transplantation. Cont.

69. Gene therapy Gene therapy is the use of DNA as a pharmaceutical agent to treat disease. This method consists of repairing or replacing mutated genes. It is used to treat cancer, AIDS, SCID, Gaucher disease, rheumatoid arthritis, a1-antitrypsin deficiency, hepatitis, parkinson’s disease and others .

70. Vaccines A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. Eradicates smallpox, tetanus, polio, measles, mumps, chickenpox and typhoid Therapeutic vaccines also used for cure AIDS, cancer or tuberculosis.

71. Production of human insulin Production of genetically engineered human insulin was one of the first breakthroughs of biotechnology in the pharmaceutical industry. Controls the absorption of glucose from the bloodstream Regulate the level of glucose in blood.

72. Human somatostatin hormone Somatostatin inhibits the secretion of somatotropin by the pituitary gland as well as some other hormones such as insulin and glucagon. It is used to treat acromegaly (excessive production of somatotropin ). Its analogs are used as anticancer drugs.

73. Application of animal Biotechnology in transplantation Organ transplantation is a medical procedure in which an organ is removed from one body and placed in the body of a recipient, to replace a damaged or missing organ.

74. Techniques for Organ Regeneration Cell therapy Tissue-engineering Generation of organs using a blastocyst complementation system Generation of a functional organ from a single adult tissue stem cell

75. Conclusion The developing world is grossly unprepared for the new technological and economic opportunities, challenges and risks . The developing world will have to respond to the many gene based technologies now being developed with a sense of commitment, trained manpower, infrastructure and funding.