Applications of enzymes in textiles

Applications of enzymes in textiles

1. APPLICATION OF ENZYMES IN TEXTILES

2. The use of enzymes in textile processing has been known for more than 2,000 years. In the past century, it has increased substantially, especially in the processing of natural fibres. A major reason for this is that the use of enzymes is regarded as environmentally friendly and the reactions catalysed are very specific, with a focussed performance as a consequence. In contrast, chemical processes are less specific and often result in side effects, mostly undesired. INTRODUCTION

3. Enzymes are high molecular weight complex proteins, composed of chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds, which are produced by all living cells. These proteins act as biocatalysts, accelerating specific chemical reactions without undergoing any alteration themselves. This distinguishes them from other proteins. Although enzymes are formed in living cells, they are not living materials. What are Enzymes?

4. What type of enzyme are there? According to the compounds they act upon. Some of the most common include: Proteases which breakdown the proteins. Cellulases which breakdown the cellulose. Lipases which split fats into glycerol and fatty acids. Amylases which breakdown starch into simple sugars.

5. Enzyme unit Enzymes' activities are usually measured in terms of the activity unit (U), which is defined as the amount which will catalyse the transformation of 1 micromole of the substrate per minute under standard conditions. Typically, this represents 10 -6 -10 -11  kg for pure enzymes and 10 -4 -10 -7  kg for industrial enzyme preparations. Enzymes mediate all synthetic and degradative reactions carried out by living organisms

6. ENZMES USED IN TEXTILES The main enzymes used in textile applications are: amylases, proteases, cellulases , hemicelluloses,pectinases , lipases, catalases and laccases . There are many advantages to their use in these applications. Cellulase : Denimfinishing , cottonsoftening Amylase: De-sizing Pectate lyase : Scouring Catalase: Bleach termination Laccase : Bleaching Peroxidase: Excess dye removal

7. Amylase,Lipase DESIZING SCOURING BLEACHING DYING FINISHING COMPOSITING Pectinase, Cellulase Oxidoreductase , Laccase Oxidoreductase , Peroxidase:(Excess dye removal Cellulase , Lipase Cellulase , Protease

8. Very efficient catalysts, High degree of selectivity. Environmentally friendly: non toxic, Non –flammable Sustainability. Fully biodegradable Operation at mild condition Catalyze broad spectrum of reactions. Less byproducts Can be reused( imoblized ) Low energy consumption Can be produced in unlimited quantities. W H Y? E N Z Y M E S

9. Enzyme substrate application Technical benefit amylase amylose Desizing of woven cotton Thermostable enzyme. Increased removal of starch. For efficient size removal use super D size ultra from sarex Lipase Triglyceride based size desizing To improve the removal of fat/oil of animal and vegetable origin even at temperature at which the fatty material is in a solid from fabrics.

10. Xylnase lignin Scouring and bleaching Used for processing jute. It degrades the lignin and improves bleach ability . Pectins, waxes, color, residual seed coatings can be removed. These substances, inhibit the natural absorbency of the fiber and prevent dyeing, printing or other finishing of cotton yarns and fabrics. Earlier, scouring was done by caustic soda to removes desirable natural lubricants and other material, which causes serious effluent disposal problem. catalase Hydrogen peroxide bleaching Reactive dyes are specially sensitive to peroxides and currently requires extends rinsing and/or use of chemical scavengers. In such cases. Catalase breaks down residual hydrogen peroxide and work as neutralization of bleaching agent. Saroxy K or Saroxy K mod are the enzyme based peroxide scavengers developed by sarex .

11. pectinase pectin Retting of flax Rapid and controlled process is possible with use of enzyme preparation and no bacterial or fungal contamination occur like that in dew and water retting. Also pre-treatment of flax with So2 brings about sufficient breakdown of woody straw to speed-up enzyme action and prevent bacterial and fungal contamination Scouring of cotton Destabilization of outer cell layer and removal of non cellulosic. Pectinase and celluloses carbonization Pectinase are successfully used to separate fibers and eliminate pectin in jute, ramie, and flax. They have also been used together with cellulose in the elimination of impurities in raw cotton and in the carbonization of wool to add the vegetable impurities.

12. Protease Protein molecule and peptide bonds Sericin protein Cellulose protein Scouring wool Degumming of silk Stone washing of denim Removes scales and improves anti-shrinkage property. This is aimed at increased comfort (reduce prickle, greater softness)as well as improved surface appearance and pilling performance. In textile industry proteases used to degrade and remove the stiff and dull gum layer of sericin from the raw silk fiber to achieve improved luster and softness .proteases are also used to wash down printing screens after use in order to remove the proteinacious gums, which a re used for thickening of printing pastes. Problem of back staining by celluloses hence protease is used to prevent indigo binding via protein and reduces back staining .

13. ENZYMES USED IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY 1.Amylases:amylase are used to remove starch-based size for improved and uniform wet processing. Alpha –amylase catalyzes the endo-hydrolysis of 1,4 a-D-glycosidic linkages in polysaccharides containing three or more 1,4- a-linked glucose units. The enzyme acts on the starches,glycogen,and oligosaccharides in a random manner, liberating reducing groups.

14. Alpha-amylases are characterized by attacking the starch polymer in an endo fashion, randomly cleaving internal a-1,4 bonds to yield shorter, water-soluble dextrins.It boost overall detergent performance at lower wash temperatures and with milder detergent chemical systems. Other starch- degrading enzymes of are(b- amylase) and pullulanase. (b- amylase differ from a amylase in that they hydrolyze 1,4- a-D- glycosidic linkage, removing successive maltose units from the non reducing of the polysaccharide chain.

15. This exo -type activity is not as as efficient for stain removal. pullulanase)is a starch- debranching the amylopectin. A mixed amylase and pullulanse enzyme system can accomplish a more complete degradation of starch 2.Cellulases They are usually crude mixtures, of a multiple enzyme system which hydrolyses cellulose.Fungi such as Trichoderma reesei and Humicola insolens mainly produce commercial cellulases.It is a polymer of glucose monomers joined byB-1,4glycosidic bonds.Cellulosic fibers and fabrics in order to achieve a desired hand on surface effect.

16. The crude mixture secreted by trichoderma reesei fungi consists of the three major types of celluloses: 1,4-B-D-Glucan 4-Glucano-Hydrolases: Endoglucanases ; 1,4-B-D-Glucan cellobio -hydrolases: cellobiohydrolases B-D- glucohydrolases : cello biases.

17. Endoglucanases attack cellulose randomly , hydrolyzing internal glycocytic bonds , while cellobio -hydrolases remove terminal cellobiose residues from both cellulose chain hydrolyses small oligosaccharides and cellobiose to glucose.endoglucanases cause internal cuts on the cellulose surfaces , generating new chain ends and thereby increasing the amount of accessible substrate for the endwise acting cellobiohydrolases . Cello biases degrade small oligosaccharides and cellobiose , which is important to overcome end product inhibition effects on the other cellulose components .

18. ENZYMES KEY APPLICATIONS AND MECHANISM DRY CLEANING DENIM WASHING OR BIO STONING BIOPOLISHING BIO-BLEACHING DEGUMMING

19. BIOSCOURING Bioscouring is the process by which alkaline stable pectinase is used to remove selectively pectin and waxes from the seed coat fragments called motes.This can be benificial when scouring for the natural look Because of the mote and color retention in the cotton fabrics scoured with this process, pastel or light shade need to be bleached prior to deying , butmedium to dark shade can be dyed directly after bio scouring Pectinase along with cellulase gives better scouring perfermance than pectinase alone.

20. Pectinase can destroy the cutinize structure by digesting the inner layer of pectins in the cuticle of cotton. On the other hand cellulose can destroy the cuticle structure by digesting the primary wall cellulose immediately under the cuticle of cotton . The cellulose break the linkage from the cellulose side and the pectin is from the cuticle side. The result of the synergy is obviously a more effective scouring in terms of both speed and evenness of treatment.

21. DRY CLEANING Dry cleaning  compositions comprising lipase, proteases and amylase, are applied to soiled fabric in presence of an organic sample, e.g. butoxy propoxy propanol, to clean the fabric. A prepared mode features the enzyme containing dry cleaning composition, which is dried with fabric garments in a conventional domestic tumble dryer to clean them.

22. DENIM WASHING Protease enzymes are now emerging as a new player in  denim washing  because there is big problem of 'back-staining' in cellulase enzymes. The protease is added after cellulase , with pH maintained at 6-10 and temperature at 30-60ºC. The best back-staining clean-up is obtained at pH 8-10, with soda ash being used to increase the pH. Any temperature between 30-60ºC shows the same clean-up

23. In the traditional stonewashing process,  the abrasive action of pumice stones on the garment surface ,which removes some of the dye.However ,too much abrasion can damage the fabric,particularly hems and waistbands.That is why denim finishers today used acid,hybrid or neutral cellulases to accelerate the abrasion by loosening the indigo dye on the denim since a small scale of enzyme can replace several kilograms of stones the use of fewer stones results in less demage to garments, less wear on envirnment . Bio stone washing has opened up new possibilities in denim finiding by increasing the variety of finishes available.For example,it is now possible to fade denim to a greater degree without running the risk of damaging the garment.Productivity can also be increased becauseluandry machines contain fewer stones or no stones and more garments.

24. BIOPOLISHING   Biopolishing  is a finishing process that improves fabric quality by giving it a soft feel and reducing the fuzziness and pilling property of cellulosic fibre. The objective is to eliminate microfibrils of cotton through the action of cellulase enzyme. Cellulase contains three enzymes that catalyse a controlled hydrolysis to consolidate the superficial micro fibril leaving the surface of fibre free and conferring a more even look: exo -β (1,4) glucanase , endo -β (1,4) glucanase and β- glucanase .

25. endo -β (1,4) glucanase contributes maximum in degrading cellulose fibre , by breaking the polymer chain and forming two new ends. These are then attacked by exoglucanase . Their combined action results in the formation of cellobiose , which is split into two glucose molecules by β- glucosidase . Thus the combined action of endo - and exoglucanase partially hydrolyses the cellulose chains. The fibres are consequently weakened and can be separated from fabric by mechanical stress.

26.   BIO-BLEACHING Enzymes can also be used in  bleaching . Glucose oxidases (GODs) are flavoproteins with a flavin-adenine-dinucleotide (FAD) active site. The enzyme is highly specific for B-D-glucose and catalyses the following reaction for hydrogen peroxide generation at pH-4.5-7 and temperatures of around 40°C: β-D-glucose + GOD-FAD → GOD-FAD + H 2 O 2 If peroxide for textile bleaching has to be generated by glucose oxidases(GOD),slightly acidic to the neutral conditions and far lower temperatures are required to avoid deactivation of the enzymes. The bleaching effect of the peroxide under these conditions is however, insignificant .

27. ENZYMATIC DEGUMMING  The process of eliminating sericin from silk is called degumming. Enzymatic degumming using proteases( 3,17 ) · makes silk white by decreasing its yellowness · decreases the stiffness of silk · improves crease recovery · makes silk lustrous and absorbent.  Traditionally ,degumming is performed in an alkaline solution containing soap. This is a harsh treatment because the fiber itself, the fibrin, is also attacked. However , the use of proteolytic enzymes is a better method because they remove the sericin without attacking the fibrin. Tests with high concentrations of enzymes shows that there is no fiber damage and the silk threads are stronger than with traditional treatments.

28. INDUSTRIAL ENZYMES Desizing : Rapindenz,Supersize . BioPolishing :SEBriteBP +, SEBriteBP , Denibrade,SEBrite Prime. Bio washing : Coldfade 3535,Denibrade N 30, Fadex500,Denicell,NeurastoneNC,Enzistone, Denibrade 10 C. Silk Degumming : Degummase P. Jute Softening and upgrading:Goldenaz Wool scouring & Gunwash : SEBrite WSC

29. DETERGENTS Enzymes  have been used in many kinds of cleaners for over 30 decades, since they were first presented by Novozymes . Traditional use of minerals in cleansing cleaners involved those that lower protein causing spots, such as those found in lawn spots, red drinks and ground. Lipases are another useful class of minerals that can be used to reduce fat spots and clean oil barriers or other fat-based cleaning programs Currently, a popular area of research is the research of minerals that can withstand, or even have higher activities, in hot and cold weather. The look for for thermotolerant and cryotolerant minerals has spanned the planet. These minerals are especially suitable for enhancing cleansing procedures in hot water periods and/or at low conditions for cleansing colours and darks. They are also useful for business procedures where high conditions are necessary, or for bioremediation under severe conditions ( eg . in the arctic). Recombinant minerals (engineered proteins) are being desired using different DNA technological innovation such as site-directed mutagenesis and DNA auto shuffling.  

30. LIQUID ALIVE® Enzyme Digestant Liquid Alive ®  Enzyme Digestant  is a stain remover, enzyme digestant and deodorizer recommended for spot cleaning and deodorizing carpets, upholstery, textiles, vinyl, leather and synthetics. This product neutralizes offensive odours and actually digests protein and organic stains and soils. Can be used as pre-spot treatment before shampooing or laundering Dissolves grease, dirt and oil based stains REMOVES:  Grease, Wine, Iodine, Cosmetics, Mildew, Dirt, Protein, Ink, Blood (use gloves) USE ON:  Carpet, Leather, Upholstery, Vinyl, Synthetics, Textiles

31. CELLULASE ENZYME FOR TEXTILE APPLICATIONS Cellulase enzymes have gained industrial acceptance for finishing processes of cotton goods due to their capability of softening the fabrics and improving their appearance.In general, enzymes are nontoxic ,environmental friendly,biocatalysts.As the consequence of rapidly advancing biotechnological reasearch and development efforts ,it is now possible to customize and tailor these compounds to suit specific end uses.

32. Cellulase are protein molecules of high molecular weight ,which catalyse the cleavage of the 13-glucosidic bonds of the cellulase substrate in accessible areas and at internal and external surfaces.Three types of cellulase compounds

33. CONCLUSION Enzymes are emerging in a big way in the field of textile wet processing The textile industry has used enzymes to remove starch sizing for over fifty years.Over the last 10 years,the textile industry has become familiar with the use of cellulases for stone wash in modern textile technology finishing process, employing environmentally friendly, fully boidradable enzymes can replace a number of mechanical and chemical operations which have hithertho been applied to improve the comfort and quality of textiles materialsing blue jeans,and cotton , linen,lyocel and other cellulosic fibers. As with all chemicals and products, enzymes too have their own merits and limitations. They show specific action without undesirable effects on other components and normally operate under mild temperature and pressure conditions, but at the same time are sensitive to temperature, pH, humidity and contaminants. The main hindrance in using enzymes is their high cost.

34. RECOMMENDATIONS If their cost can be managed -- although total process cost may be less when enzymes are used -- enzymes can be put to use in a much bigger way for textile processing applications. 

35. REFRENCES www.fiber2fashion.com Lenin,V.2009.’’Enzymes in Textile Finishing”.Man Made Textiles in India.Jan.p.7 Sabale,A.2010.Enzymes:for today and tomorrow.Colourage.May.p.87

36. Thank you