Applications of plant biotechnology

Biotechnological application in many plant sectors are presented here....

1. “Applications of Plant Biotechnology” 1

2. Presented by Syeda Farjana Hoque ID: 1506001; Reg No.: 2987 Ghuri Md. Wasim Abbas ID: 1506002; Reg No.: 2988 Anupom Deb Nath ID: 1506003; Reg No.: 2989 Bijit Das Joy ID: 1506004; Reg No.: 2990 Md. Imran Hossain ID: 1506006; Reg No.: 2992 Maksuda Akhter Lipi ID: 1506014; Reg No.: 3000 Shirin Akhter Sweety ID: 1506015; Reg No.: 3001 2 Faculty of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100

3. Content Introduction Plant Biotechnology Applications of Plant Biotechnology Abiotic Stress Tolerance Plants Biotic Stress Tolerance Plants Genetically Modified Foods (GM foods) Pharmaceuticals Industrial Products Others Conclusion 3

4. Biotechnology is the application of scientific and engineering principles to the processing of materials by biological agents to provide goods and services. Plant biotechnology can be defined as the introduction of desirable traits into plants through genetic modification . Introduction 4

5. Application of Plant Biotechnology Abiotic Stress Tolerance Plants Biotic Stress Tolerance Plants Genetically Modified Foods (GM foods) Pharmaceuticals Industrial Products Others 5

6. Abiotic Stress Tolerance Plants 6

7. Abiotic Stress Salt Tolerance Manitol gene Manitol possibly help the cells to lower their osmotic potential and to draw water from the outside medium. By introducing manitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenease gene (mt1D) isolated from E. coli showed over-expression of manitol in tobacco plants LEA protein It has been suggested that LEA( Late Embryogenesis Abundant) type proteins act as water binding molecules, in ion sequestration and membrane stabilization. 7

8. Cont. • Trehalose The stabilization of biological structure and enhances the tolerance of organisms to abiotic stress transformed tobacco plants with trehalosesynthetase (Tsase) gene. • H+-pyrophosphatase (H+-Ppase) gene. Over expression of H+-Ppase causes the accumulation of Na+ in vacuoles instead of in the cytoplasm and avoids the toxicity of excess Na+ in plant cells . 8

9. Cont. • Heat Tolerance •Heat shock proteins •HSPs have been shown to act as molecular chaperones, which are responsible for protein synthesis, targeting, maturation and degradation in a broad array of normal cellular process . 9

10. Cont. Drought Tolerence •Trihelose biosynthesis The gene TPS1 found in yeast encodes for trehalose-6-phosphate synthetase and is involved in biosynthesis of trehalose. The transgenic tobacco plants containing the yeast TPS1 gene exhibited multiple alteration and improved drought tolerance •LEA protein Gene HVA1 encodes for a group of three LEA proteins which get accumulated in vegetative organs during drought condition . 10

11. Cont. Fructan synthesis The bacterial gene sacB found in Bacillus subtilis encodes for levan sucrase, which takes part in fructan synthesis. Fructan promotes the process of root branching, thus increasing root surface and water uptake. Wax production The gene designated WXP1, is able to activate wax production and confer drought tolerance in alfalfa. 11

12. Biotic Stress Tolerance Plants 12

13. Biotic Stress Resistance Plants • Viral resistance •Bacterial resistance •Fungal resistance •Insect resistance •Herbicide resistance 13

14. Virus resistance Cross-Protection Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain possible hypothesis of cross protection. They are: Replication of inducer virus (mild strain) prevents availability of host cell component to challenge virus and prevent its replication. Coat protein is produced by inducer virus encapsulate the RNA of challenger, thereby preventing its replication. 14

15. Cont. Coat Protein (CP) Mediated Protection The pathogen derived gene for coat protein is transferred into plants and expressed to counter affects replication of challenge virus. Ex­pression of CP gene is thought to be primarily responsible for preventing particle disassembly or by re-encapsidating the incoming genome of the challenge virus. 15

16. Cont. • Satellite RNA Mediated Resistance Satellites are replicated in cells infected with the particular virus. The transgenic plant which express full-length satellite tobacco ringspot RNA virus (STobRV) and confirmed excellent resistance when infected with TobRV. •Ribozyme Mediated Resistance Expression of ribozyme in transgenic plants can targeted for the destruction of specific RNA have been demonstrated using protoplast culture. 16

17. Cont. • RNA Mediated Resistance RNA mediated resistance involved gene silencing process in plants • Artificial MicroRNAs Mediated Resistance Artificial miRNAs target the genomic RNAs of plant viruses and destroy them within plant system 17

18. Bacterial Resistance Crop 18

19. Fungal Resistance Crop Chitinase and Glucanase Chitinase and glucanase catalyze the hydrolysis of two major structural components chitin and glucan, respectively, of the cell wall of many fungi Chitinase genes have been identified from plants and micro-organisms and are broadly known as the PR-3 class of proteins. Expression of chitinase and glucanase at low levels in transgenic plants has been a key issue. 19

20. Insect resistance The genes from Bacillus thuringiensis have been extensively used in this context The modification of Bt genes for better expression in plants was an important step towards obtaining insect resistance in plants Proteinase inhibitors (PIs) have been reported to show significant inhibitory activity against insect digestive enzymes. 20

21. Cont. 21

22. Herbicide resistance Inhibit uptake of the herbicide. Overproduce the herbicide-sensitive target protein. Introduce a bacterial or fungal gene that produces a protein that is not sensitive to the herbicide. Reduce the ability of a herbicide-sensitive target protein to bind to a herbicide. Endow plants with the capability to metabolically inactivate the herbicide. 22

23. 23

24. Genetically Modified Foods (GM foods) 24

25. Genetically Modified Foods (GM foods) Genetically modified foods (GM foods) are foods produced from organisms that have had changes introduced into their DNA using the methods of genetic engineering. Commercial sale of genetically modified foods began in 1994, when  Calgene  first marketed its unsuccessful  Flavr Savr  delayed ripening tomato. Most food modifications have primarily focused on cash crops in high demand by farmers such as soybean, corn, canola, and cotton. 25

26. Cont . Genetically modified crops have been engineered for resistance to pathogens and herbicides and for better nutrient profiles. Figure: Golden Rice. Figure: Bt Cotton. Source : gmo.geneticliteracyproject.org Source : biologydecoded.com 26

27. Classification of GM Crops GM crops are classified into three “generations,” based on the objective of the trait that is being introduced: First-generation Second-generation Third-generation 27

28. List of Important Crops Genetically Modified with Nutritionally Improved Traits Cereal Crops Rice Wheat Maize Oilseed Soybeans Lupin Sorghum Narcotics Coffee 28

29. Cont . Tuber Potato Sweet potato Cassava Beet Fruit and Vegetables Tomato Other crops Alfalfa Canola Cotton 29

30. Benefits Insect Resistance Disease Resistance Herbicide Resistance Nutritional and Other Enhancements 30

31. Health and Safety There is a scientific consensus that currently available food derived from GM crops poses no greater risk to human health than conventional food, but that each GM food needs to be tested on a case-by-case basis before introduction. Nonetheless, members of the public are much less likely than scientists to perceive GM foods as safe . 31

32. Pharmaceuticals 32

33. Edible Vaccine Edible vaccines involves the process of incorporating the selected desired genes into plants and then enabling these altered plants to produce the encoded proteins. Edible vaccines offer cost-effective, easily administrable, storable and widely acceptable as bio friendly particularly in developing countries . 33

34. Plants used for edible vaccine Tobacco Potato Banana Tomato Rice Soybean Carrot Peanut Wheat Corn 34

35. Development of an Edible Vaccine Figure: Development of edible vaccine 35

36. Advantages of Edible Vaccines Mode of action for immunization, as they do not require subsidiary elements to stimulate immune response. Brings forth mucosal immunity Do not need sophisticated equipments and machines as they could be easily grown on rich soils. Widely accepted as they are orally administered unlike traditional vaccines that are injectable. 36

37. Limitations of Edible Vaccines Individual may develop immune tolerance to the particular vaccine protein or peptide. Dosage required varies from generation to generation and, plant to plant. Are dependent on plant stability as certain foods cannot be eaten raw Edible vaccines get microbial infestation. 37

38. Production of Phytochemicals Phytochemicals are chemical compounds produced by plants. Produced by plants through primary or secondary metabolism They generally have biological activity in the plant host and play a role in plant growth or defense against competitors, pathogens, or predators. The presence of valuable metabolites in plants has stimulated interest on the part of industry in the fields of phytochemicals by using biotechnological technique. 38

39. Cont. Interdisciplinary approaches that are based on Biotechnology led to rapid advances in In the identification of biosynthetic genes The elucidation of specific biosynthetic enzymes The identification of end-products The complete genetic makeup of an organism has been generated in the plant sciences as well. 39

40. Production of Therapeutics Proteins The most commonly used vehicle for the production of recombinant therapeutic or other proteins in plants is the developing seed. Early attempts to express therapeutic peptides in seeds were hampered by a lack of understanding of the basic mechanisms of the synthesis, targeting, processing and storage of proteins in this organ. But Now a days it is possible due to proper biotechnological technique. 40

41. Industrial Products 41

42. Enzyme Plants produce a small number of enzymes. Two of the rare examples of such proteins are: Avidin and β-glucuronidase (GUS). Both produce in transgenic maize. 42

43. Bioplastics A bioplastic is a substance made from organic biomass sources , unlike conventional plastics. Polyhydroxyalkanoate is one of the major component of bioplastic production. The cost of PHAs could be considerably reduced if they were produced on an agricultural scale in transgenic crops. Figure: Symbol of Bioplastic 43

44. Figure: Lifecycle of Bioplastics. 44

45. Malting and Brewing The quality of beer depends largely upon the composition of the barley grain. Many qualities of these grains can be substantially improved through genetic engineering. Figure: Beer from barley grain. 45

46. Biofuel Biofuel, any fuel that is derived from biomass —that is, plant or algae material or animal waste. Now-a-days transgenic plants are used for biofuel production. Figure: Life cycle of Biofuel. 46

47. Spartan Corn III Figure : Development cycle for the Sticklen group’s designer corn variety, Spartan Corn III, which is used in cellulosic biofuels production. 47

48. Modification of plant nutritional content Vitamins Amino Acids Lipid 48

49. Oleochemicals About 20% of the total output of plant oils is used as a feedstock for the production of oleochemicals. The first transgenic crop with a modified output trait to be approved for commercial cultivation was a lauric oil (12‐carbon) rapeseed variety grown in 1995. Figure: Lauric oil 49

50. Starches World needs a large amounts of starch every year Starch grains in plants contain two principal polysaccharides, amylose and amylopectin. Amflora is a genetically modified starch potato. Figure: Genetically modified starch potatoes 50

51. Fruit Ripening Process by which fruits attain their desirable flavour , quality, color , palatable nature and other textural properties . Based on ripening fruits are Climacteric N on-climacteric fruits. 51

52. Roles of Ethylene in Fruit ripening 52

53. Control of Ethylene Response in Fruit Figure: Centrality of ACC in the synthesis of ethylene. 53

54. Flower wilting Natural senescence process of flower One of the great problem in flower marketing Causes million dollar loss worldwide. 54

55. Control of wilting by GE ACC oxidase cDNA fragment in T orenia In wild-type 2.0 days Antisense orientation 2.7 days Sense orientation 4.4 days 55

56. Shelf Life Enhancement Transgenic ornamental plants have potential to enhance leaf and flower longevity Autocatalytic ethylene synthesis Treated with different kinds of chemicals Carnation plants exhibit delayed petal senescence. 56

57. Flower Pigmentation Modification of flower color Market value is around $150 billion . The main areas of flower production are- USA, Europe, Israel, Ecuador, Morocco etc. 57

58. Flower Pigmentation Three groups of pigments Flavonoids Carotenoids Betalains Chlorophylls can also flower pigments. 58

59. Genetic transformation protocols Chrysanthemum chalcone synthase cDNA The cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter on a binary Ti plasmid vector Out of 3 of the 133 sense and 3 of the 83 antisense transformants produced white flowers. 59

60. Application of Plant Biotechnology in Nitrogen Fixation Within the constraints of the climate and season, good legume management to maximize productivity will benefit N 2 fixation. Examples of legume management including optimizing nutrient inputs (e.g. P), reducing acidity with lime, managing weeds, disease and insects. 60

61. Cont. Plants that contribute to nitrogen fixation include those of the legume family – Fabaceae  – with taxa such as kudzu, clovers, soybeans, alfalfa, lupines, peanuts, and rooibos. They contain symbiotic bacteria called rhizobia within nodules in their root systems, producing nitrogen compounds that help the plant to grow and compete with other plants. 61

62. Cytoplasmic Male Sterility Male sterility in plants is often cytoplasmically based and maternally inherited. Male sterile plants produce no functional pollen, but do produce viable eggs. Cytoplasmic male sterility is used in agriculture to facilitate the production of hybrid seed. Hybrid seed is produced from a cross between two genetically different lines; such seeds usually result in larger, more vigorous plants . 62

63. Fig: Cytoplasmic male fertility 63

64. Nutritional Quality Improve of Food From a consumer perspective, the focus on value-added traits, especially improved nutrition, is of greatest interest. Protein Carbohydrate Fiber Lipids Vitamins and Minerals 64

65. C onclusion Plant biotechnology has huge impact in modern world. It will play great role to deal with upcoming population explosion. It helps us to discover the undiscovered 65