Applications of Steel

Applications of various steels and in different sectors are described.

1. APPLICATIONS OF STEEL V Sai Gayathri 18103091 Asp-5B

2. APPLICATIONS OF VARIOUS STEELS Steel is both the most widely used and most recycled metal material on Earth. From stainless and high-temperature steels to flat carbon products, steel in its various forms and alloys offer different  properties  to meet a wide range of applications. Most often, steel consumers needs are met by carbon steels. Good examples are sheets for deep-drawn automobile bodies and appliances made of low-carbon steels, medium-carbon structural steels and plates employed in all kinds of construction, high-carbon railroad rails, and wires at all carbon levels High-strength low-alloy steels The demand for high strength, good weldability, and higher resistance to atmospheric corrosion is met by a group called the high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels.  HSLA steels are used for oil or gas pipelines, ships, offshore structures, and storage tanks.

3. Free-machining steels  Developed for good machinability and fabricated into bolts, screws, and nuts. Contains up to 0.35 percent sulfur and 0.35 percent lead; These elements form many inclusions, which are normally avoided but are desired in this application . This keeps tools and work pieces clean, improves tool life, and permits machining at higher speeds. Tool steels Tool steels are produced in small quantities, contain expensive alloys, and are often sold only by the kilogram They are very hard, wear-resistant, tough, inert to local overheating, They also have to be dimensionally stable during hardening and tempering. They contain strong carbide formers such as tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, and chromium in different combinations and often cobalt or nickel to improve high-temperature performance.

4. Bearing steels One important group that well demonstrates the enormous impact of material developments on engineering possibilities is the steels used for roller and ball bearings.  These steels often contain 1 percent carbon, 1.2 percent chromium, 0.25 percent nickel, and 0.25 percent molybdenum  Inclusions are very harmful in bearings because they create stress concentrations that result in low fatigue strength. Electrical steels An important group of steels, necessary for the generation and transmission of electrical power, is the high-silicon electrical steels. A further improvement is achieved by adding up to 4.5 percent silicon, which imparts high electrical resistance. For electric transformers, grain-oriented sheets are often used; these contain about 3.5 percent silicon

5. Stainless steel This group receives its stainless characteristics from an invisible, self-healing chromium oxide film that forms when chromium is added at concentrations greater than 10.5 percent. T hree major groups, the austenitic, the ferritic, and the martensitic. The best corrosion resistance is obtained in austenitic stainless steels. F erritic and martensitic groups both are used for knives and tools. Ferritic stainless steels contain only up to 0.12 percent carbon.  Both types have 11.5 to 29 percent chromium as their main alloy addition and practically no nickel.   Their corrosion resistance is modest, and they are ferromagnetic. Wear-resistant steels made into wear plates for rock-processing machinery, crushers, and power shovels. These are austenitic steels that contain about 1.2 percent carbon and 12 percent manganese. Wear resistance is brought about by the high work-hardening capabilities of these steels

6. APPLICATIONS OF STEEL PRODUCTS IN DIFFERENT INDUSTRIES Steel applications can be divided into seven primary market sectors. The figures are the percentages of steel production dedicated to them, according to the World Steel Association (WSA): Buildings and Infrastructure  51% More than half of the steel produced annually is used to construct buildings and infrastructure such as bridges. According to the WSA, most of the steel used in this sector is found in reinforcing bars (44%); sheet products, including those used in roofs, internal walls, and ceilings (31%); and structural sections (25%). In addition to those structural applications, steel is also used in buildings for HVAC systems and in items such as stairs, rails, and shelving. Mechanical Equipment 15% This second-greatest use of steel includes (among many other things) bulldozers, tractors, machinery that makes car parts, cranes, and hand tools such as hammers and shovels. It also includes the rolling mills that are used to shape steel into various shapes and thicknesses.

7. Automotive  12% On average, almost 2,000 pounds, or 900 kilograms, of steel is used to make a car according to the WSA. About a third of that is used in the body structure and exterior, including the doors. Another 23% is in the drive train, and 12% is in the suspension. Advanced high-strength steels, which are made using complex processes and are lighter in weight than traditional steels, account for about 60%of a modern car's body structures. Metal Products 11% This market sector includes various consumer products such as furniture, packaging for food and drinks, and razors. Electrical Equipment 3% This market sector involves applications in the production and distribution of electricity. That means transformers, which have a magnetic steel core; generators; electric motors; pylons; and steel-reinforced cables.

8. Other Transport 5% Steel is used in ships, trains and train cars, and parts of planes. Hulls of large ships are almost all made of steel, and steel ships carry 90% of global cargo almost all of the world's approximately 17 million shipping containers are made of steel. Besides the cars, steel shows up in trains in the wheels, axels, bearings, and motors . A pproximately 60% of steel use in this area is as rebar, a ridged steel bar placed inside reinforced concrete. In airplanes, steel is crucial for engines and landing gear.

9. Domestic Appliances 3% Clothes washers and dryers, ranges, microwave ovens, dishwashers, and refrigerators all contain steel in varying amounts, including the motors, when applicable. According to the American Iron and Steel Association, a front-loading washer generally contains 84.2 pounds of steel, while a top-bottom refrigerator-freezer contains 79 pounds. Half of the steel used for utility infrastructure is in the form of underground pipes for water or natural gas.

10. THANK YOU