Applied aspect of Rasa (PERCEPTION OF TASTE)

Ayurveda strongly believes in using drugs with particular tastes in treating diseases. This presentation will help you understand the basics of rasa and its applied aspects in planning treatment protocol.

1. APPLIED ASPECTS OF RASA DR. MADHUBALA P GOPINATH 1 st Year PG SCHOLAR DEPT. OF DRAVYAGUNAVIJNANA GAVC, TRIVANDRUM 1

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5. INTRODUCTION Rasa comes under the five concepts of a substance ( Rasapanchakas ) namely,  rasa (taste), guna (properties), virya (potency),  vipaka (metabolic after product of rasa) and  prabhava (specific pharmacological effect) द्रव्ये रसो गुणं वीर्यं विपाकःशक्तिरेव च | पदार्थाःपञ्चतिष्ठन्ति स्वं स्वं कुर्वन्ति कर्म च || ( भा. प्र ) दव्यरसगुणवीर्यविपाकनिमित्ते च क्षयवृद्धि दोषाणाम् साम्यं च | ( सु. सू ) 5

6. Rasapanchaka It determines and explains the pharmacological behaviour of a substance These five principles are manifestations of five  mahābhūtas  in specific states of activation.  Therefore, these ( only rasa ) principles do indicate the structural composition and consequent activity of any substance. Therefore the predominant proto elements in a drug can sometimes be predicted from its taste and thus can infer how the drug will act. 6

7. references Though we find scattered references of rasa throughout the samhitas , there are special chapters dedicated to rasa owing to its significance in the treatment aspect. Rasa vimanam adhyaya (Ch./Vi/1) Rasa vishesha vijnaaneeyam adhyaya ( Su /Soo/42) Rasa bhedeeyam adhyaya (A.H. / Su / 10) 7

8. Etymology (NIRUKTHI) रस आस्वादने ।। (वाचस्पत्यं) Rasa is something experienced by an individual while tasting a dravya . 8

9. DEFINITION रसनार्थो रस​: । (च​.सु) रस्यते आस्वाद्यते इति रसः। (चक्रपाणि) रसनेन्द्रिय ग्राह्यो यो अर्थ​: स रस​: । (र​.वै) That which is perceived by rasanendriya (tongue-taste sense organ). Rasa is an important quality manifested at the level of tongue and is one among pharmacologically active principle or quality which is directly perceivable. 9

10. Rasa bheda Enumeration of rasa Enumeration according to different acharyas – Charaka Sootra Rasa kalpana 10

11. ENUMERATION A seminar was organised by Punarvasu Atreya regarding the determination of number of rasas. After considering various views expressed by different rishis, it was concluded by Atreya that the rasas are only six. They are : Madhura  Ksheera , Draksha Amla Changeri , Jambeera Lavana Saindhava lavana , Samudra lavana Katu Pippali , Maricha Tikta Kiratatikta , Chandana Kashaya Khadira , Haritaki 11

12. Enumeration of Rasas Number of rasas Types Proposed by 1 APYA BHADRAKAPYA 2 BHEDANIYA UPASHAMANIYA SHAKUNTEYA BHRAHMANA 3 BHEDANIYA UPASHAMANIYA SADHARANA POORNAKSHA MOUDGALYA 4 SWADUHITA SWADU AHITA ASWADU HITA ASWADU AHITA HIRANYAKSHA KAUSHIKA 5 PAARTHIVA APYA TAIJASA VAYAVYA AAKASHIYA KUMARASHIRA BHARADWAJA 12

13. 6 GURU LAGHU SHEETA USHNA SNIGHDA ROOKSHA VAYORVIDA 7 MADHURA AMLA LAVANA KATU TIKTA KASHAYA KSHARA VAIDEHA NIMI 8 ABOVE 7 + AVYAKTHA BADISHA DAMARGAVA 9 APARISANKHYA KANKAYANA 13

14. WHY JUST 6 RASAS??? According to Indu , “ Kalasya samvatsarakyasya shat rtukatvat rasasyapi shatbhedatvam ” According to Chakrapani and Arunadutta - Due to svabhava 14

15. RASAKALPANAM Eka rasa - 6 Dwi rasa - 15 Tri rasa - 20 Chatushka - 15 Panca rasa - 6 Shad rasa - 1 Total - 63 (CH. SU/26) 15

16. APPLICATION OF RASAVIKALPA Single rasa virechana aushadha is ahrudya . So always combination of different rasa aushadha is used. e.g. In Only Vataja Vikara – Madhuraa rasa is used In Pittayukta Vata – Madhura potentiated with Tikta rasa In Kaphayukta Vata – Amla and Katu rasa in combination 16

17. Sushruta’s classification of rasa सौम्य and आग्नेय​ CATEGORY RASA GUNA KARMA SOUMYAM Madhura Tiktha Kashaya Seetam Pittasamana Moorchasamana Avidahi AGNEYAM Katu Amla Lavana Ushna Pittavardhana Moorchajanaka Vidahi 17

18. ELEMENTAL CONSTITUTION ( panchabhautikathwa ) RASAS CHARAKA SUSHRUTA VAGBHATA NAGARJUNA MADHURA J+P AMLA P+T J+T* LAVANA J+T P+T* KATU T+V TIKTA V+A KASHAYA V+P 18

19. Elemental constitution (a/c su ) आकाशपवनदहनतोयभूमिषु यथासङ्खमेकोत्तरपरिवृद्धा: शब्दस्पर्शरूपरसगन्धा:, तस्मादाप्यो रस: | परस्परसम्सर्गात् परस्परानुग्रहात् परस्परानुपवेशात् च सर्वेषु सर्वेषाम् सान्निध्यमस्ति,उत्कर्षापकर्षत्तु ग्रहणम् || स खल्वप्यो रस: शेषभूतसम्सर्गाद्विद्ग्ध: षोढा विभज्यते || (सु.सू ४२/१) 19

20. APPLIED ASPECT OF ELEMENTAL CONSTITUTION  Pharmacological basis of drug action revolves around the universal pharmacological principle that similar structures have similar pharmacological activity. Conversely, if the structure of a substance is known, then its pharmacological behavior can be inferred. Conventional pharmacology uses chemical structure as the basis for pharmacological action of the drug. Ayurveda uses  Pañcamahābhūta  theory as the fundamental basis of drug action. 20

21. A set of properties and actions is attributed to each of these  mahābhūta s , one or some or all of which can be manifested in a substance when the  mahābhūta s are present in a state of activation.   Mere presence of  mahābhūta  will not lead to the manifestation of properties and actions, but the  utkarṣa   of  mahābhūta s is fundamental to the expression of properties and actions . For example, if a substance produces heaviness in the body, then it is understood that  pṛthvī mahābhūta  is present in an activated state in it. 21

22.       CHARACTERS OF RASAS 22

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29. RASA                                              CHARACTERSTIC FEATURES MADHURA PLEASANT, SOFTENING, ANOINTING, ATTRACTS ANTS AND BEES AMLA CAUSES SALIVATION, SWEATING, MOUTH CLEANSING IS AN APPETISER LAVANA EASILY SOLUBLE WATER RETAINING, SOFTENING IS AN APPETISER BURNING SENSATION IN MOUTH AND THROAT KATU CAUSES SALIVATION, LACRIMATION, TINGLING SENSATION TIKTA OVERSHADOWS ALL OTHER TASTES APPETISER AND MOUTH CLEANSER PRODUCES DRYNESS OF THE MOUTH KASHAYA PRODUCES CLARITY OF MOUTH CAUSES DRYNESS, STIFFNESS CAUSES HEAVINESS AND PAIN IN THE CARDIAC REGION 29

30. SUBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE SUBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE Madhura Katu वक्त्रमनुलिम्पति देहस्य ह्लादनं अक्ष प्रसादनं पिपीलिका प्रिय जिह्वाग्रं उद्वेजयति अक्षि नास आस्य स्रावं कपोल दाहं( देहं दहति-अ.सं) Amla Tiktha क्षालयते मुखं रोमदन्तानां हर्षणं अक्षिभ्रुव निकोचक​: उरकण्ठ विदाहं ( अ.सं) जिह्वा उद्वेजयति -( अ.सं) आस्यं विशदयति रसनं प्रतिहन्ति कण्ठं शोधयति Takes away भक्त रुचि & हर्षं Lavanam Kashaya कपोल गल दाहं भक्त रुचि उत्पादनं कफ प्रसेकं जनयति जिह्वा जडयति कण्ठ स्रोतो विबन्धनं वक्त्र परिशोषणं हृदयं कर्षति , पीडयति 30

31. APPLIED ASPECT OF CHARACTERS OF TASTE These characters of the tastes can be applied in the clinical practice with a wide spectrum of utility. For  eg. -Taking salivation ( aasya samsravana ) as an objective indicator, six rasas may be divided into 3 groups: Action on Saliva Rasa of therapeutic use (taste) a.  sialogogues  ( increasing salivary secretion) - in xerostomia / caries Amla  Katu b. anti- sialogogues (decreasing salivary secretion)- in hypersalivation Tikta Kashaya c. altering consistency of saliva  Madhura Lavana 31

32. PROPERTIES OF RASA 32

33. Properties actually exist in dravya but are projected because of rasa due to their concomitance. RASA PROPERTIES MADHURA SNIGDA SHEETA GURU AMLA SNIGDA USHNA LAGHU LAVANA SNIGDA USHNA GURU KATU ROOKSHA USHNA LAGHU TIKTA ROOKSHA SHEETA LAGHU KASHAYA ROOKSHA SHEETA GURU 33

34. Tara- tamata of rasa (relative superiority based on guna ) GUNA UTTAMA MADHYAMA AVARA RUKSHA KASHAYA KATU TIKTA SNIGDHA MADHURA AMLA LAVANA USHNA LAVANA AMLA KATU SITA KASHAYA MADHURA TIKTA GURU MADHURA KASHAYA LAVANA LAGHU TIKTA KATU AMLA 34

35. APPLIED ASPECTS OF PROPERTIES OF RASA Consideration of 6 gunas in relation to 6 rasas is very important from applied point of view. they are the active properties applicable in respective six therapeutic measures ( shatkarmas ) KARMA GUNA RASA Brmhana Guru Madhura Langhana Laghu Katu Swedana Ushna Stambhana Sheeta Rukshana Ruksha Snehana Snigdha 35

36. Lets look at some examples: Keeping these gunas in view rasas can be applied in treatment of diseases Madhura rasa can be used is karshya so as to bring in gurutwa in the body. Amla rasa is used in conditions of agnimandya , for amapaachana pertaining to its ushna guna . Lavana rasa can be utilized in Pakwashaya gata vata due to its ushna guna in taming vata . Katu may be useful in udara due to its rooksha ushna guna . Tikta is beneficial for Amlapitta as it does rookshana of aggravated pitta. Kashaya is good in Atisara as it brings stambhana . 36

37. ACTIONS OF RASA On  doshas On dhatus On malas On  agni On  srotas General systemic action 37

38. Actions of rasa दव्यरसगुणवीर्यविपाकनिमित्ते च क्षयवृद्धि दोषाणाम् साम्यं च | ( सु. सू ) ON DOSHAS त एते रसा: स्वयोनिवर्धना, अन्ययोनिप्रशमना च । (सु. सू.४२ / ६) RASA EFFECT ON VATA EFFECT ON PITTA EFFECT ON KAPHA MADHURA AMLA LAVANA KATU TIKTA KASHAYA 38

39. Actions of rasa ON DHATUS Madhura – Anabolic activity - increase in dhatus – ojavardhana , stanyajanana , varnya , keshya Amla – though stimulates such activities by improving agni , has a decreasing effect on shukra - henceforth not a tonic. Lavana - increases water content, causes laxity in the body ( sarva shareera avayavaan mrudu karoti ) Katu - Catabolic activity, scrapes away unwanted muscular structures ( mamsa vilekhana ), breaks coagulatory pathways ( shonita sanghatam bhinnathi ), reduces stanya , sukra , meda Tikta - Catabolic activity, scrapes away kleda,meda,vasa,majja,sweda,lasika,mootra and helps in stanyashodhana . Kashaya - Catabolic activity, blood purification ( asravishodhana ), kleda meda vishoshanam 39

40. Applied aspect - Tikta rasa has an absorbing effect and decreases meda , vasa, majja , lasika which are pathogenic factors of prameha ( saptako ..) Tikta is an important rasa useful in the treatment of prameha . 40

41. Actions of rasa 3. ON MALAS Rasas predominant of paarthivapya gunas - Madhura, Amla, Lavana are laxative, diuretic and carminative. Katu – helps in elimination of waste products ( kleda malaan upahanti ) Kashaya- Constipative , anti-diuretic and causes obstruction of flatus Tikta - Dries up malas ( Vinmootra Upashoshana ) 41

42. Applied aspect Kashaya rasa is the best for stambhana and can be utilized in the treatment of diarrhoea , polyuria, haemorrhages etc. 42

43. Action of Rasa 3. ON AGNI Agneya rasas- Katu , Amla, Lavana – appetisers and digestives ( dipana and paachana ) Tikta – though Soumya - stimulates agni by promoting samana vata and absorbs kapha responsible for mandagni . Madhura and Kashaya has an opposite effect to agni ( agni sadaka ). 43

44. Applied aspect Madhura rasa being agni sadaka , can be utilized in bulimia. Amla rasa can be utilized in loss of appetite and taste disorders 44

45. Action of Rasa 4. ON SROTAS Katu , tikta , lavana are srotoshodhaka (channel- cleaning) Katu – Vayavyaagneya guna - margaan vivrunothi - absorbs fluid and expels obstructive materials – pramaathi – as opposed to abhisyandi (channel-obstructing) Tikta acts in a similar way by absorbing the fluid due to vata and vacates the space on account of akasha. Due to sookshma guna it permeates even to minutest channels. Lavana – liquifies the solid mass and expels it due to tikshna guna but has no absorbing property. Madhura, Amla, Kashaya may precipitate srotorodha , can be called as sroto upalepaka . 45

46. Applied aspect Lavana - liquifies the solid mass and expels it due to tikshna guna , it can penetrate even minutest channel. Example - Lavana abhyanga in swasa rogi , in vasthi karma Amla- acidic foods enhances iron absorption (ferric to ferrous- stable to unstable) –increases bioavailability – Example - Mandooravataka anupana with thakra , lime juice 46

47. Action of Rasa 5. GENERAL SYSTEMIC ACTION Madhura – Pleasing, brain tonic, healings, anti-abortifacient, pacifies thirst, galactagogue. Amla – Pleasing, sialogogue , appetizer, digestive, promotes bleeding (anti-coagulant). Lavana – moistening, sialogogue , appetizer, digestive, expectorant, diuretic Katu – mouth cleanser, anthelminthic, nervous stimulant, promotes bleeding Tikta – anthelminthic, blood purifier, anti-pyretic, removes pus/toxins/serous discharges. Useful in skin and GIT diseases Kashaya – healing, absorbent, anti-diuretic, normalizes skin pigmentation 47

48. ORDER OF ADMINISTRATION OF RASA IN MEDICINE In treatment of diseases rasa should be used in a definite order acc. to dosha as follows: IN DIET In meals one should start with Madhura, Amla, Lavana and finish with Katu , Tikta , Kashaya. But if the food is excessively spicy, the meal should end with madhura . (B.P) DOSA 1ST 2ND 3RD VATA LAVANA AMLA MADHURA PITTA TIKTA MADHURA KASHAYA KAPHA KATU TIKTA KASHAYA 1ST 2ND 3RD MADHURA AMLA-LAVANA KATU-TIKTA-KASHAYA 48

49. SEASONAL PREDOMINANCE OF RASA SEASON PREDOMINANT RASA SHISHIRA TIKTA VASANTA KASHAYA GREESHMA KATU VARSHA AMLA SHARAD LAVANA HEMANTA MADHURA 49

50. RASA ROOPANTARA – BY BADANTA NAGARJUNA FACTORS CAUSING TRANSFORMATION EXAMPLES Sthana (Placement/ kept unaltered) Cooked rice (M  A ) Paatra (Utensil) Curd kept in Kamsya patra ( A  Kt) Samyoga (Combination) Chincha + Sudha ( A  M) Paka (Exposure to heat) Chincha ( A  M) Atapa (Exposure to sunlight) Tumburu phala ( K  M) Bhavana (Trituration) Tila with Yashti ( KsTM  M) Desha (Region) Amalaki of Nainital (M) Kala (Time) Kadaliphala (Ks M) Parinama (Transformation) Milk curdling ( M  A) Upasarga (Infestation) Ikshu (M  T/A) Vikriya (Special processing techniques) Panasa squeezed in hand (M A ) 50

51. RASA NIVRUTTHI VISHESHA रसनार्थो रसस्तस्य द्रव्यमापक्षितिस्तथा । निवृत्तौ च विशेषे च प्रत्यय: खादयस्तथा ॥ (च​.सु) AADHARA BHOOTA – AP, PRUTHVI NIMITTA KAARANA – TEJA, VAYU, AAKASHA 51

52. RASOPALABDHI (PERCEPTION OF TASTE) रसो निपाते द्रव्याणां । (च​.सु) प्रत्यक्षतो अनुमानात् उपदेशतश्च रसानामुपलब्धि॥ (र​.वै) EXAMPLES Prathyaksha - Sweetness of sugar Anumana - Sweetness of urine in Diabetes Upadesa - Sweetness of Suvarna, astringency of Madhu 52

53. Indications of rasas RASA DISEASE INDICATIONS MADHURA General debility, Geriatric conditions, Habitual abortion, Deficiency of breast milk AMLA Loss of appetite, Dyspepsia LAVANA Loss of appetite , Dyspepsia, as Diuretic KATU Loss of appetite, Indigestion, Obesity, Diabetes, Cough asthma, Skin diseases TIKTA Loss of appetite, Dyspepsia, Worms, Gastritis, Jaundice, Skin diseases, Fever, Obesity, Diabetes, Excessive discharges, pus etc KASHAYA Diarrhoea, Haemorrhage, Wounds, Polyuria, Respiratory Disorders 53

54. Contraindications of rasas RASA DISEASE INDICATIONS MADHURA Cough, Asthma, Diabetes, Goitre etc AMLA Gastritis, Internal haemorrhage, Jaundice LAVANA Skin diseases, Swelling, Ascites, Hypertension, Haemorrhage, Gastritis etc KATU Semen disorders, Retension of urine TIKTA Disorders of vata , Semen deficiency KASHAYA General debility, Disorders of vata , Loss of appetite 54

55. Ideal diet – shadrasa yukta AHARA A diet comprising of all the six rasas is said to be ideal one- indicating that all the components required for a living system can be incorporated under the 6 rasas . 1 st 3 tastes - अभ्यवहरणाय पूजितं – madhura , amla, lavana षड्सु एवं युक्तं वमनं षड्सु युक्तं विरेचनं । षड्सु आस्थापनं युक्तं षड्सु संशमनं हितं ॥ (र.वै) 55

56. shadrasa in practical use In dinacharya , In rutucharya , Therapeutic utility 56

57. shadRasa in dinacharya Danthadhavana vidhi by Kashaya Katu Tikta dravya like Nyagrodha , Khadira , Karanja Udvartana for Medoghna and Twakprasadana action by Katu Tikta Kashaya drugs Dhumapana in Kapha – Vata vrudha avastha by Katu Tikta Kashaya rasa dravya 57

58. Shadrasa in ritucharya Hemanta , sisira – for nourishment- Madhura, Amla, Lavana Varsha - for the maintainance of Agni- Amla, Lavana Vasantha - to pacify the moisture - Tikta , Katu , Kashaya Greeshma - to counteract the dryness -Madhura Sarat - to bring pitta in balance - Madhura, Tikta , Kashaya 58

59. Therapeutic utility- rasaprayoga Rasa Vata Pitta Kapha Madhura Guru- Pichila - Snigda Guru- Snigda - Sheeta - Amla Guru- Pichila - Snigda srotovikasa - anulomana - - Lavana Ushna - snigdha - - Katu - - Laghu-Ushna - Rooksha Tikta - Ruksha - Sheeta - Laghu Ruksha - Laghu Kashaya - Sheeta Ruksha 59 Ka. Sa.

60. TASTE- MODERN VIEW Primary tastes Sites of perception Taste buds and Gustatory Papillae Nervous innervations to tongue Gustatory pathway Taste – significance in modern view 60

61. PRIMARY TASTES Taste is a form of  chemoreception  which occurs in the specialized   taste receptors   in the mouth. RASA Comprises of Receptor SWEET Sugars and proteins, aldehydes and ketones. G- Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR) SOUR Acids (H+ ions conc.) Type III taste receptor cell SALT Ionised salts (cations like Na+/ K+/ Li+ ) Sodium chloride receptor BITTER Long chain organic substances containing nitrogen and alkaloid Type II taste receptor cell ( TAS2R) UMAMI L-Glutamate (amino acid), found in fermented foods G- protein Coupled Glutamate Receptor 61 There are recent researches on a newly invented taste – the Fat taste – with potential CD36 receptor.

62. Sites of perception 62

63. Taste buds Taste buds  contain the taste receptor cells, which are also known as gustatory cells. Taste buds exist primarily in the small bumps on your tongue, called papillae. They also are present in other parts of the mouth, like the palate and throat.  Taste buds develop in utero and scientists believe they are functional by 10 to 13 weeks of gestation. Fetuses are able to taste foods in the maternal diet that pass through the amniotic fluid. Tastes of the maternal diet are also detected in breast milk. 63

64. TASTE BUDS Each receptor cell lives for 1-2 weeks. Each receptor in a taste bud responds best to one of the tastes. 64

65. Types of pappillae There are four types of papillae: Filiform: The most common, covering the tough surface of the tongue, and do not contain taste buds Fungiform: Located near the front of the tongue Circumvallate: Located near the back of the tongue Foliate: Located on the sides of the tongue 65

66. Nervous innervations to the tongue There are mainly 2 cranial nerves that innervate the tongue for taste Facial nerve (ant 2/3) Glossopharyngeal nerve (post 1/3) Vagus nerve also contributes to taste perception from very little posteriormost part of the mouth. 66

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68. Taste-significance in modern view Patients with Addison's disease, pituitary insufficiency, or cystic fibrosis sometimes have a hyper-sensitivity to the five primary tastes. Disorders of taste Ageusia (complete loss of taste) Hypogeusia (reduced sense of taste) Dysgeusia(distortion in sense of taste) Parageusia (persistent abnormal taste) Hypergeusia (abnormally heightened sense of taste) 68

69. RESEARCH CORNER - RASA Prof. P. V. Sharma has attempted to evolve a methodology for Objective Determination of rasa. RASA CONSTITUENTS MADHURA PROTIENS, CARBOHYDRATES, VEGETABLE FATS AMLA ACIDIC NATURE LAVANA PRESENCE OF SODIUM CHLORIDE WITH A SALTISH TASTE KATU ESSENTIAL OILS, PHENOL TIKTA ALKALOIDS, GLYCOSIDES KASHAYA TANNIN, ASTRINGENT NATURE 69

70. Taste-Detection tools Blind method Dilution method -Taste threshold-minimum quantity of a substance required to stimulate the taste buds. The order of rasas on the basis of maximum intensity is Tikta – showed very high taste threshold Madhura Amla Kashaya Katu Lavana Prof. C. Dwarakanath suggested one method namely TTT (Taste Threshold Test) for Quantitative Determination of rasa Electronic tongue - It is an instrument that measures and compares tastes . 70

71. CONCLUSION Rasa is the visesha guna of rasanendriya . Health or disease is known by certain normal and abnormal functions of doshas in body. It can be normalised by giving drugs which are of opposite attributes to that dosha in its panchabhootha constitution. The easiest and most practical way to infer the predominant mahabhootha in a subject is rasa. The action of a drug is decided by rasapanchaka . Being the first rasa gives instant action. When particular body constituent decreases, there is a desire for substances with specific taste to balance it. During the samprapti of a disease, patient express like/dislike for particular rasa as per state of dosha . Rasa plays important role in swasthavrutta and in treatment aspect. 71

72. conclusion Rasa in swastavrutta can be understood by its application in dinacharya and rutucharya . Rasa in treatmental aspect can be understood by 2 aspects: Nidana parivarjana of specific rasas in specific conditions eg : Kashaya rasa in vibandha Treatments in srotodushti are treated specifically by certain rasas eg : Tikta rasa in asthivaha srotas , Madhura Tikta rasa in Majjavaha srotas . Dravya vargeekarana can be done on the basis of rasa – e.g. Madhura skandha , Tikta skandha etc. Nomenclature of certain dravya are given on the basis of name of rasa itself e.g. Chitraka - Ushana ( katu ), Lanka- Katuveera . 72

73. conclusion यः स्याद्रसविकल्पज्ञः स्याच्च दोषविकल्पवित्। न स मुह्येत् विकाराणां हेतुलिङ्गोपशान्तिषु॥ च. सू. 26/ 27 A physician, well acquainted with combination of rasas and doshas , seldom commits blunders in ascertaining the etiology , symptoms and treatment of diseases. 73

74. THANK YOU 74