Approaches of community health nursing

Approaches of community health nursing

1. Approaches In Community Health Nursing

2. APPROACHES Community Health Nurses use various approaches to provide care in the community. Some of them are Epidemiological approach Problem solving approach Evidence based approach

3. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL APPROACH Epidemiology is the basic science of preventive and social medicine. It began with Adam and eve both tried to investigate the qualities of “forbidden fruit”. The Greek physician Hippocrates father of epidemiology the first person to have examined the relationship between the occurrence disease and environmental influences. epidemiology epi means=among, demos= people, logos=study.

4. DEFINITION The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified population and the application of the study to control of health problems (J.M. LAST 1988)

5. AIMS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY The ultimate aims of epidemiology can be concluded into two followings points To eliminate or reduce the health problem or its consequences To promote the health and wellbeing of society as a whole.

6. USES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY Investigation of causation of disease. Study of the natural history and prognosis of diseases. Description of the health status of the populations. It includes proportion with ill health, change over time, change with age etc Evaluation of the interventions. Planning health services, public policy and programs.

7. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL APPROACHES

8. ASKING QUESTIONS Epidemiology has been defined as “a means of learning or asking questions… and getting answers that lead to further questions”. for example the following questions could be asked. Related to Health Events Related to Health Action

9. HEALTH EVENTS

10. HEALTH ACTIONS What can be done to reduce this problem and its consequences? How can it be prevented in the future? What action should be taken by the community? By the health services? By other sectors? Where and for whom these activities be carried out? What resources are required? How are the activities to be organized? What difficulties may arise, and how might they be overcome ?

11. MAKING COMPARISONS This approach is to make comparisons and draw inferences. This may be comparison of two (or more groups)- one group having the disease (or exposed to risk factor) and the other groups not having the disease (or not exposed to risk factor) or comparison between individuals. By making comparisons, the epidemiologist tries to find out the crucial differences in the host and environmental factors between those affected and not affected. Comparison may be made between different populations at a given time e.g. rural with urban population, between sub group of population e.g. male with female population, between various periods of observation e.g. different seasons

12. DEFINITION A systematic approach to defining the problem and creating a vast number of possible solutions without judging these solution. “Problem solving is a cognitive processing directed at achieving a goal where no solution method is obvious to the problem solver” PROBLEM SOLVING APPROACH

13. PROBLEM-SOLVING PROCESS Problem De f inition Pro b lem Anal y sis Generating Problem Solutions Anal y zing The Problem Solution Selecting The Best Solution I m pl e m ent ing The Solution Eval u ation & Revision

14. PROBLEM DEF I NI T ION In this first step, there is a need to write down what exactly the problem entails, which helps to identify the real problem that is under study & needs an immediate solution. PRO B L E M ANA L YSIS To analysis how the problem affects the researcher & his or her current situation & other people involved in the situation. The gravity of the problem & all the factors that are contributing to the problem are determined GEN E R A T I NG PROBLEM SOLUTIONS Focus must be on identifying & generating all possible solutions for a problem. Each potential idea for solution of a problem must be considered without discarding it through value judgment

15. ANA L YZ I N G THE SOLUTIONS Various factors about each of the potential solutions are investigated, wherein all the positive & negative aspects of each solution are analyzed S ELE C T I N G THE BEST S OLUT I ON S An attempt is made to compare the available solutions, & eventually the best solutions is selected based on the careful judgment IMP LE M ENT I NG THE SOLUTION The final step of the problem-solving process is to practically solve the problem by implementing the selected solutions... REVISION AND E V ALU A T I O N After implementation of the most potential solution, an evaluation is made to judge the effectiveness of the solution in resolving the problem. It also helps to redefine the problem & revise the problem- solving process in case the initial solution fails to manage the problem effectively.

16. EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE APPROACH DEFINITION Evidence: It is something that furnishes proof or testimony or something legally submitted to ascertain in the truth of matter. Evidence based practice: It is systemic inter connecting of scientifically generated evidence with the tacit knowledge of the expert practitioner to achieve a change in a particular practice for the benefit of a well- defined client / patient group . ( French 1999). Evidence based nursing: It is a process by which nurses make clinical decisions using the best available research evidence, their clinical expertise and patient preferences

17. NEED FOR EVIDENCE BASED APPROACH For making sure that each client get the best possible services. Update knowledge and is essential for lifelong learning. Provide clinical judgement. Improvement care provided and save lives.

18. GOAL OF EVIDENCE BASED APPROACH Provide practicing nurse the evidence based data to deliver effective care. Resolve problem in clinical setting. Achieve excellence in care delivery. Reduces the variations in nursing care and assist with efficient and effective decision making

19. STEPS IN EVIDENCE BASED APPROACH Many methods are used to conduct EBP in community health nursing one of the common method is PICO method P – Patient Population Of Interest I– Intervention Of Interest C – Comparison Of Interest O – Outcome Of Interest Step 1: Defining the patient (Population Of Interest) Step 2: Identifying the intervention or process of interest Step 3: Examining the comparison of interest Step 4: Outcome of interest Step 5: Time frame

20. Example: Does the incidence of protein energy malnutrition among infants (P) of village A decrease (O) WITH administration of nutrition balls ( I ) for 6 months compared to infants of village B (C)

21. ADVANTAGES OF EVIDENCE BASED APPROACH Provide better information to practitioner Enable consistency of care Better patient outcome Provide client focused care Structured process Increases confidence in decision-making Generalize information Contribute to science of nursing Provide guidelines for further research Helps nurses to provide high quality patient care

22. DISADVANTAGES OF E VIDENCE B ASED AP P ROACH Not enough evidence for EBP Time consuming Reduced client choice Reduced professional judgement/ autonomy Suppress creativity Influence legal proceedings Publication bias

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