Aquatic biotechnology

It is about the use of Biotechnology to keep safe aquatic environment

1. Aquatic biotechnology

2. Objectives Increasing world’s food supply Restoring and protecting marine ecosystem Identify novel compounds for medical treatment Improving safety and quality of seafood

3. Terms to Remember Aquaculture: The cultivation of aquatic animals and plants for recreational or commercial purposes. Mariculture : Marine aquaculture is called as mariculture .

4. Fishing for Fish Gene Identifying gene having some special properties like growth rate, taste, color and disease resistance. This can be achieved from a technique call differential display PCR. This approach now a days also use to identify cancerous gene expressed in cancer cell but not in normal cells.

5. Terms to Remember Roe: Egg of fish is called as roe. Milt: Sperm of fish is called as milt. Fry: Eggs of fish fertilized in a small tank and hatched embryo. Nursery: Initially indoor culturing of fish embryos. Fingerlings or Smolts : The size of fish when it leave the nursery. Raceways: Concrete tank in which smolts are rare after nursery.

6. Fish Farming Practices Steps involved in fish farming: Roe and milt are harvested from Breeders Fertilized eggs develop to form embryos ( fry ) in a water tank Fingerlings are moved outdoor to raceways till maturity Shift in shallow ponds for further size gain

7. Innovations in Fish F arming Polyculture : Raising more than one species in same environment. Benefits: 1) Optimize water resources 2) Lettuce absorb waste of fish as a fertilizer 3) Reduce the cost of removal of waste Hydroponic System: Vegetables and herbs are in racks through which waste water from fish tank can flow

8. Polyculture Farming Fish in the field of Rice

9. Improving Strain for Aquaculture Sort out the fish having high growth rate and heavy muscle mass. High producing fish now bred to produce new generations. A cross bred of catfish USDA 103 can grow 10 to 20 faster than normal catfish. Some fish can also be grown in low-salinity water.

10. Enhancing Quality and Safety of Food Astaxanthin Production: A pigment produced in fish by gene- coloning techniques that give shrimp pink color. It is also act as antioxidant. Use of RLFP-based Chip: It is used to identify the specie of fish in fish products. Marine scientists are also trying to identify the toxin producing gene and having negative health impacts. A handheld antibody test kit has developed to detect vibrio cholera. Made vaccine against Infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN).

11. Limitations to Aquaculture Not all species suit for aquaculture Water quality issues Farming of multi stage larva species Farmed fish are more susceptible to diseases than native Consumption of excessive amount of baitfish Waste of fish farming cause environmental pollution Chemicals used in aquaculture can pass through shellfish to other species and even in human. Aquaculture contain high level of PCBs which can cause cancer.

12. Discovery and Cloning of Novel Gene Identification of new genes Identifying the molecular basis of unique adaptation Identifying the mutations associated with disease in fish Discovery gene that can be used as probe to identify microscopic marine organisms Genes are being used as DNA marker Cloning of gene for Growth Hormone Cloning of gene for molt-inhibiting hormone ( MIH )

13. Antifreeze Proteins (AFPs) Isolated from bottom-dwelling fish species living in extreme cold environment. AFPs have extensive alpha helices and large number of disulfide bridges. AFPs lower the freezing point of body fluid by 2 to 3 C. AFPs transgenic Salmon are also being produced Some plants are also being made transgenic by AFPs gene AFPs are also use for cryoprotection of Human cells, tissues, blood and organs prior to their use in transplantation.

14. Green Genes and GFPs A novel gene that is involve in bioluminescent Aequorea victoria . This gene is code for a protein called green florescent protein (GFP) The organisms used this ability to find each other during mating activities. Scientist are also using this as a reporter gene It also used in tracking stem cell differentiation into different cell type It is also used in medical diagnosis and disease treatment

15. Cloning the Genome of Marine Pathogen Piscirikettsia salmonis is a bacteria that cause rickttsial syndrome in salmon Scientists are using P.salmonis gene or protein as vaccine. Pfiesteria piscicida is a toxic producing dinoflagellate specie and molecular biologists are trying to remove or silent toxic producing gene Dermo , SSO and MSX parasites are also being controlled by biotechnology techniques Transfer of disease resistance gene from one specie to another specie

16. Genomics and Aquatic Organisms Sea urchin share a common ancestor with human Approximately 7000 genes are similar to human Similar genes include gene of hearing, development balance and immunity. Urchins are widely using as model organisms.

17. Triploid Species Having three complete sets of chromosomes 3n It can be made by treating chemicals like colchicine Colchicine stops the formation of Microtules Another approach is to form triploid is the fertilizing a normal haploid egg with two sperms Triploid species grow 30 to 50 % faster than a normal fish Triploids consume grass so it control the aquatic weeds These species are S terile

18. Role in Medical Marine species contain antibiotics, antiviral molecules, anticancer compounds and insecticides Osteoporasis is treated by calcitonin made bt salmon specie Prialt is a drug derived from conotoxins which is used as painkiller Yondelis is a anti-tumor drug derived from sea squirt Squalamine is an antifungal steroid found in dogfish sharks

19. Non M edical Products Taq Polymerase Detergent resistant proteases Collagenase is a protease use in tissue culture Carrageenan, an ingredient used in preserved food, toothpaste and cosmetic Carrageenan is also used as thickening agent like in chew gum, chocolate milk, beers and wine Some plankton are considered to generate energy

20. Antifouling Agents Biofilming is refers to the attachment of organisms to the surface Biofilming is also known as biofoulting Its causes include algae, bacteria and mussels are common It increase the resistance of ship as it moves in water It slowing its travel time Many marine grasses and algae species produce compound which are used as antifoulting

21. Biosensors Bioluminescent strain of bacteria can be used as biosensors These are used to find mates in dark depth of the ocean It also used to detect pollutants in marine environment