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1. Aquatic Ecosystems Fresh water Ecosystem Pond Ecosystem River Ecosystem Ocean Ecosystem 1 0/ 31 /2 2 1

2. Aquatic Ecosystems The types of organisms that live in an aquatic ecosystem is determined by the water’s salinity Salinity is the amount of dissolved salts the water contains. Freshwater= <0.5 ppt Saltwater= > 10 ppt Aquatic Ecosystems are divided into Freshwater and Saltwater or Marine 1 0/ 31 /2 2 2

3. Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems Lakes, Rivers and Streams Saltwater or Marine Ecosystems Oceans & Lagoons Freshwater ecosystems are further of standing type (lentic) like ponds and lakes or free-flowing type (lotic), like rivers. 1 0/ 31 /2 2 3

4. Characteristics of Aquatic Ecosystems Aquatic Ecosystems are characterized by Temperature Sunlight Depth Oxygen Concentration Available Nutrients Aquatic Organisms are grouped by their location at water depths and adaptations Plankton-Surface, provide most of food, producers Zooplankton-microscopic animals Phytoplankton-microscopic plants Nekton-Free swimming organisms 1 0/ 31 /2 2 4

5. P o n d E c o s y s t e m Pond is a freshwater aquatic ecosystem where water is stagnant (lentic ecosystem) . It receives enough water during rainy season. It contains several types of algae, aquatic plants, insects, fish and birds. Stagnant freshwater body Ponds get polluted easily due to limited amount of water 1 0/ 31 /2 2 5

6. P o n d E c o s y s t e m Producers are of following type Macrophytes: large rooted plants which may be partly or completely submerged e.g. : Hydrilla, Trapha, Typha. Phytoplankton: minute floating or submerged lower plants e.g.: algae. Consumers: They are aquatic animals which depend on the food manufactured by producers. 1 0/ 31 /2 2 6

7. P o n d E c o s y s t e m Secondary Consumers: They are the Carnivores which feed on herbivores, these are chiefly insect and 1 0/ 31 /2 2 7 Primary Consumers: Benthos: These are animals associated with living plants , detrivores and some other microorganisms Zooplanktons: These are chiefly rotifers, protozoans, they feed on phytoplankton f i s h , m o s t i n s e c t s & w a t e r b ee t l e s , t h e y f ee d o n zooplanktons. •

8. P o n d E c o s y s t e m Tertiary Consumers: These are some large fish as game fish, turtles, which feed on small fish and thus become tertiary consumers. D e c o m p o s e r s : T h e y a r e al s o k n o w n as consumers. They decompose dead organic 1 0/ 31 /2 2 8 m i c r o - m a t t e r of both producers and animal to simple form. Thus they play an important role in the return of minerals again to the pond ecosystem, they are chiefly bacteria, & fungi.

9. F u n c ti on s of P o nd E c o s y s t e m Recycle nutrients Purify water Recharge ground water Provide habitats for wildlife Attenuate floods Used for human recreation 1 0/ 31 /2 2 9

10. How Nutrients Affect Pond Ecosystem A pond that has large amounts of plant growth due to nutrients is known as a eutrophic lake. Ponds naturally become eutrophic over a long period of time. Eutrophication can be accelerated by runoff, such as rain, that can carry sewage, fertilizers, or animal wastes from land into bodies of water. 1 0/ 31 /2 2 1

11. P o n d E c o s y s t e m 1 0/ 31 /2 2 P ho to b y f o r m P x H er e 1 1

12. R i v e r E c o s y s t e m Rivers are streams that flow downward from mountain highlands and flowing through the plains fall into the sea. So the river ecosystems show a series of different conditions. Streams, tributaries, brooks, creeks and springs are the different types of water courses classified based on their dimension and distribution. Revers are freshwater aquatic ecosystems where water current is a major controlling factor, oxygen and nutrient in the water is more uniform and land-water exchange is more extensive. Although stream organisms have to face more extremes of temperature and action of currents as compared to pond or lake organisms, but they do not have to face oxygen deficiency under natural conditions. 1 0/ 31 /2 2 15

13. R i v e r E c o s y s t e m This is because the streams are shallow, have a large surface exposed to air and constant motion which churns the water and provides abundant oxygen. Their dissolved oxygen level is higher than that of ponds even though the green plants are much less in number. The stream animals usually have a narrow range of tolerance to oxygen. That is the reason why they are very susceptible to any organic pollution which depletes dissolved oxygen in the water. Thus, streams are the worst victims of industrial development. 1 0/ 31 /2 2 16

14. Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur R i v e r E c o s y s t e m The mountain highland part has cold, clear waters rushing down as water falls with large amounts of dissolved oxygen. The plants are attached to rocks (periphytons) and fishes are cold-water, high oxygen requiring fish like trouts. In the second phase on the gentle slopes, the waters are warmer and support a luxuriant growth of plants and less oxygen requiring fishes. In the third phase, the river waters are very rich in biotic diversity. Moving down the hills, rivers shape the land. They bring with them lots of silt rich in nutrients which is deposited in the plains and in the delta before reaching the ocean. 1 0/ 31 /2 2 17

15. Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur R i v e r E c o s y s t e m The major abiotic factors controlling the river ecosystems are Slope and geomorphic conditions including the nature of substratum Physico-chemical properties of water. Temperature, color, alkalinity, pH and dissolved oxygen Flow velocity and quantity Type and amount of suspended and bed-load sediments Turbidity Thickness of water column and the depth of light penetration The climatological factors like atmospheric temperature, humidity, sun shine hours, evapotranspiration and wind. 1 0/ 31 /2 2 18

16. Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur Characteristics of River Ecosystem The establishment of a firm attachment with the substratum. Most of the sponges, diatoms and moss are examples of these. They live on the wooden logs, stones, rock exposures. The swimmers are expected to have hooks or suckers to maintain grip over the polished surfaces. Some of them build nets around them for food trapping. Some of them , like snails and worms, may have sticky bottoms to move long the base. The life living in rivers, have a stream-lined shape of the body. They may have a body rounded anteriorly and tapering posteriorly. This is for a free-swimming habit against the water currents. 1 0/ 31 /2 2 19

17. Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur Characteristics of River Ecosystem Some have a flat body to stay within the cracks and crevices of rocks. Rheotaxis is a feature seen in rivers. This is the capacity, or mechanism by which fishes and other animals swim against the currents and rapidly flowing water. This is the resistance capacity of many lotic forms. Clinging habitat is another feature of Life in river ecosystems. Some organisms mostly stay closer and nearer to the hard bodies or materials. Some of the life forms in rivers have the characteristic feature of Osmo regulation. Especially, the Protozoans eliminate excess water through a contractile vacuole. 1 0/ 31 /2 2 2

18. Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur Biotic components of River Ecosystem Producers P h y t o p la n k t o n s li k e d i a t o m s , b l u e - g r ee n al g ae a n d g r ee n algae such as ulothrix, cladophora, water moss, aquatic plants like water grasses etc. Consumers They are helodes, cephalopteryx, phalacrocera, flat worms, crabs, snails and small to medium fishes, crocodiles and many birds like dove and crane. etc. Fishes are also found. Decomposers B a c t e r i a a n d fu n g i a r e t h e r e d u c e r s i n s t r e ams wh i c h f ee d upon the producers and consumers after their death. 1 0/ 31 /2 2 21

19. Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur Abiotic components of River Ecosystem Abiotic components It includes inorganic substances like carbon dioxide, water, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen and inorganic salts as well as many micro and macro nutrients, organic substances like carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, physical factors like sunlight, rainfall, suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, temperature and pH. 1 0/ 31 /2 2 22

20. Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur D a n g e r t o R i v e r E c o s y s t e m Industries use river water in manufacturing processes and as receptacles for wastes. People use rivers for disposal of sewage and garbage. These practices have polluted rivers with toxins, which have killed river organisms and made river fish inedible. Today, runoff from the land puts pesticides and other poisons into rivers and coats riverbeds with toxic sediments. 1 0/ 31 /2 2 23

21. Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur R i v e r E c o s y s t e m 1 0/ 31 /2 2 24

22. Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur Impact of Drought on River Ecosystem 1 0/ 31 /2 2 25

23. Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur O c e a n E c o s y s t e m Oceans cover more than two third of the earth's surface. Ocean environment is characterized by a high concentration of salts and minerals. It supplies a large variety of sea products and drugs. Among others, it is a reservoir of magnesium, iron, phosphorus and natural gas 1 0/ 31 /2 2 26

24. Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur O c e a n E c o s y s t e m Oceans have two major life zones. Coastal zone which is relatively warm, nutrient rich and shallow water. It is the zone of high primary productivity because of high sunlight. Open sea is the deep part of the sea that is vertically divided into three regions. E u p h o t ic z o n e t h a t r e c e i v e s a bu nd a n t li g h t a n d s h o w s high photosynthetic activity (up to 200 m) B a t h y al z o n e th a t r e c e i v e s l o w li g h t a n d is u s u ally geologically active (700 m – 100 m) A b y s s al z o n e w h i c h is d a r k a n d v e ry d ee p ( ~ 2 t o 5000m) 1 0/ 31 /2 2 27

25. Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur O c e a n E c o s y s t e m Littoral Zone It is the shoreline between the land and the open sea. Waves and tides have maximum effect in a littoral zone. Neritic Zone This zone lies just above the continental shelf. The nutrients washed from land are found in this zone. Thus this zone is rich in species. The productivity of this zone is high because sunlight can penetrate through this zone. Zooplankton and phytoplankton are abundant here and support fi shing grounds. Pollution also affects the neritic zone first. 1 0/ 31 /2 2 28

26. Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur O c e a n E c o s y s t e m Pelagic Zone T h e o p e n s e a c o n s t i t ut i n g 9 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t al o c e a n s u r f a c e f o r ms t h is z o n e . Phytoplanktons, zooplanktons, shrimps, jelly fish, deep-water fishes and blue whale are found here. Organisms of this zone are present below the light penetration zone and totally depend on the rain of detritus of upper regions for their nutrition. 1 0/ 31 /2 2 29

27. Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur O c e a n E c o s y s t e m Benthic Zone o c e an The floor of the z o n e . I t s t r e t c h e s f r o m t h e e d g e o f c o n s t i t u t e s t h is the continental shelf to the deepest ocean trenches. Sponges, sea lilies, sea fans, snails, clams, starfish, sea cucumbers and sea urchins are found in this zone. 1 0/ 31 /2 2 3

28. Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur 1 0/ 31 /2 2 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Chris_huh https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:GNU_Free_Documentation_License 3 1

29. Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur Abiotic Components of Ocean Ecosystem Abiotic Components It includes inorganic substances like carbon dioxide, water, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen and inorganic saltsas well as required micro and macro nutrients, organic substances like carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, physical factors like intensity and speed of current, cyclones and storms, sun light, rainfall, soil, temperature and pH. 1 0/ 31 /2 2 32

30. Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur Biotic Components of Ocean Ecosystem Biotic Components Producers: These are autotrophs also known Primary a n d a r e T h e y a r e mai n l y , s o me producers. mi c r o s c o p ic al g ae (phytoplanktons) besides them there ar mai n l y , s e a w e e d s , as b r o w n a n d r e d al g ae al s o c o nt ri bu t e t o p rimary p r o du c t i o n . P r o d u c e r s in t h e mari n e e c o s y s t e m a r e mai n ly p h y t o p la n k t o n , la r g e mari n e p la n t s , mangroves and sea weeds. 1 0/ 31 /2 2 33

31. Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur O c e a n E c o s y s t e m Tertiary Consumers: These includes, other carnivores fishes like, Cod, Halibut, Sea Turtle, 1 0/ 31 /2 2 34 Consumers P rima r y C o n s u m e r: T h e h e r b i v o r e s , t h at f e e d o n producers are shrimps, Molluscs, fish, etc. S e c o n d a r y C o n s u m e r s : T h e s e a r e c ar n i v o r e s f i s h as Herring, Shad, Mackerel, feeding on herbivores. Sharks, whale etc. Decomposers: The microbes active in the decay of dead organic matter of producers, and animals are chiefly, bacteria and some fungi.

32. Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur Characteristics of Ocean Ecosystem It occupies a large surface area with saline water Commercial activities like fishing and shipping are carried-out in oceans It is rich in biodiversity It helps moderate the temperature of earth. 1 0/ 31 /2 2 35

33. Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur 1 0/ 31 /2 2 3 6 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Scheme_eutrophication-en.svg

34. Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur O c e a n E c o s y s t e m 1 0/ 31 /2 2 https://pixabay.com/photos/frog-water-frog-green-pond-nature-929370/ 3 7

35. Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur O c e a n E c o s y s t e m 1 0/ 31 /2 2 3 8

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