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1. OBJECTIVES Understand basic significations of architecture Familiarize the various types of architectural construction based on the materials used Understand the types of architecture according to function Appreciate the historical cultural and social context of architecture

2. ETYMOLOGY: Latin: Architectura Greek: Arkhitekton Meaning: builder, carpenter Architecture is considered as the Mother of all arts. The noblest of them all. It is the only art-form through which you can physically walk and also peep into the history, civilization, culture et al.

3. ARCHITECTURE ART AND SCIENCE OF DESIGNING AND CONSTRUCTING BUILDINGS BRIDGES AND STRUCTURES TO HELP US MEET OUR PERSONAL AND COMMUNAL NEEDS AS AN ART ARCHITECTURE AIMS TO SATISFY THE AESTHETIC REQUIREMENTS OF THE BUILDING WITHOUT DISREGARDING THE NEED FOR A SOUND STRUCTURE WITH COMPLETE UTILITIES. DESIGNING A BUILDING IS AN ART THAT IS CONTROLLED BY THE EXACT PRINCIPLES OF SCIENCE ,

4. Humans design and construct BUILDINGS Shelter is the most basic reason for BUILDINGS Buildings shelter us at home, at work and at play. Buildings also provide us security – some of the world’s most amazing structures were built to defend against enemies Some of the most impressive buildings provide places for worship – temples, churches, mosques Some buildings are just for showing off – palaces and castles – people with money have always demanded that architecture display their wealth. Today, large corporations, governments, and universities demonstrate their importance by putting IMPRESSIVE BUILDINGS. What makes an outstanding building? The world’s greatest buildings are the ones that distinguished themselves as distinct from all that came before and influential on all that followed.

5. ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE IS A CONTINUALLY AN……………………. ART ARCHITECTURE IS THE GREATEST VISIBLE MEANS BY WHICH WE CELEBRATE ONE’S ______AND _______

6. ARCHITECT ARCHITECTS MUST WORK WITHIN THE LIMITS OF THEIR MATERIALS AND THE TECHNOLOGY OF THE DAY ARCHITECTS MUST WORK WITH OTHER PROFESSIONALS AND WITH CONTRACTORS WHO DESIGN AND INSTALL ELEMENTS OF THE SERVICE SYSTEMS OF THEIR BUILDINGS. THUS AN ARCHITECT IS NOT ONLY AN ARTIST BUT A ____________ OR ____________ BETWEEN THE NEEDS OF THE CLIENTS AND THE PROPERTIES AND AESTHETIC POSSIBILITIES OF THE SITE

7. Architecture is the art/science of ___________ and _________ buildings or structures with durable materials following certain standards, so as to make them suited to their purpose and at the same time, are also visually and aesthetically __________, _________, and ____________.

8. TYPES OF ARCHITECTURAL CONSTRUCTIONS 1. POST AND LINTEL – CONSISTS OF TWO VERTICAL POSTS FOR SUPPORT (POST) AND A HORIZONTAL LINE (LINTEL) EXAMPLES: PREHISTORIC STONEHENGE AND PARTHENON

9. TYPES OF ARCHITEcTURAL CONSTRUCTIONS 2. THE ARCH – THIS ARCHITETURAL CONSTRUCTION IS DOMINANT IN ROMAN ARCHITECTURE DOMES AND VAULTS ARE EXTENSIONS OF THE PRINCIPLES OF THE ARCH EXAMPLES: AN ARCH OF TRIUMPH AND THE COLOSSEUM

10. TYPES OF ARCHITECTURAL CONSTRUCTIONS 3. THE CANTILEVER – ANY STRUCTURAL PART PROJECTING HORIZONTALLY AND ANCHORED AT ONE END ONLY. IT NEEDS A BEAM WITH A GREAT TENSILE STRENGHT. IT IS USED GREATLY IN BUILDINGS WITH STEEL AS MEDIUM. IT IS THE USUAL METHOD EMPLOYED IN CONSTRUCTING SKYCRAPERS

11. ARCHITECTURE ACCORDING TO FUNCTION LANDSCAPE PLAYS A VITAL ROLE IN SHAPING OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENTS; CREATING PLACES THAT ARE FUNCTIONAL BEAUTIFUL AND SUSTAINABLE FOR CURRENT AND FUTURE GENERATIONS TO ENJOY

12. ARCHITECTURE ACCORDING TO FUNCTION URBAN/CITY PLANNING PLAYS A VITAL ROLE IN CREATING SUSTAINABLE RESILIENT AND LIVABLE CITIES THAT MEET THE NEEDS OF PRESENT AND FUTURE GENERATIONS WHILE PRESERVING AND ENHANCING THE QUALITY OF LIFE FOR ALL RESIDENTS

13. ARCHITECTURE ACCORDING TO FUNCTION INTERIOR DESIGN IT IS ALL ABOUT CREATING FUNCTIONAL AND AESTHETICALLY PLEASING SPACES WITHIN BUILDINGS. IT INVOLVES SELECTING COLORS FURNITURES DECORATIONS AND LAYOUT TO ENHANCE THE LOOK AND FEEL OF A ROOM OR SPACE.

14. ARCHITECTURE ACCORDING TO FUNCTION FINE ARTS ENCOMPASS A WIDE RANGE OF ARTISTIC DISCIPLINES INCLUDING PAINTING AND SCULPTURE. IT PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN ENHANCING THE AESTHETIC APPEAL AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE OF BUILDINGS.

15. https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arch2o.com%2Fwell-planned-cities-20th-century%2F&psig=AOvVaw3u2Feu4RgxVHAJZu0zLPyF&ust=1714514276329000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBQQjhxqFwoTCODSuM-16IUDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE 5 WELL-PLANNED CITIES FROM THE 20 TH CENTURY

16. PRIMITIVE ARCHITECTURE During the New Stone or Neolithic period, when man learned to domesticate animals and cultivate crops for food, they began to build homes to protect family from weather and other hostile elements.

17. Mesopotamian architecture It is evident in its palaces and temples. The distinguishing characteristics is the Ziggurat or tower built as successive levels.

18. EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE (300-1000 B.C.) The Egyptians believed in the afterlife thus, they mastered mummification for the preservation of the human body. The Egyptian king or Pharaohs built pyramids as their eternal tombs. Egyptian architecture maintained its traditional form. It is impressive by its solemnity suggesting that the buildings were intended to last eternally.

19. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE (100 b.c. - A.d. 5 00 The Romans were the first one to use bricks and cement and were able to develop a variety of architecture that can be seen in their public buildings: The Colosseum, basilicas (Pantheon), arches (The Arc of Titus), aqueducts (Nimes), and amphitheaters. It emphasizes space rather than solids.

20. GREEK ARCHITECTURE (600 – 100 b.c. .) Its most characteristic form is found in the temple a low building post-and-lintel construction. There are styles or orders in Greek Architecture

21. THREE TYPES OF GREEK COLUMNS DORIC no base, simple capital and groove shaft.   IONIC with base scrolled capital and groove shaft.   CORINTHIAN with base, acanthus-leafed capital and fluted shaft.

22. byzantine ARCHITECTURE A.D. 300 - 1000 Characterized by central dome which had always been a traditional feature in the east. The forms of the vaults and domes were visible externally. Byzantine style closely corresponds with the interior.

23. Gothic ARCHITECTURE (1200 – 1400) Gothic style of architecture was develop in Western Europe between 12th 16th centuries. It used the ribbed vault, flying buttresses, pointed arches, steep roofs, etc. There is an emphasis on th vertical, with galleries and arcades replacing internal walls and extensive use of glass. Developed in France, Gothic architecture is particularly adapted in religious buildings, and at times it is also referred to as Christian Church architecture.

24. romanesque ARCHITECTURE (1000-1200) It was the architectural style of Western Christianity in which derived its form initially from the Roman Basilica. This style adapted to the needs of Feudal Europe (11th and 12th centuries) when every public structure had to be strong enough to withstand attacks.

25. Rectangular plan with combined post-and-lintel f Greek and Roman ornamentation – revival and fusion of the ancient styles RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE (1400 – 1600)

26. baroque ARCHITECTURE (1600 -1700) Baroque architecture flourished in the 17th century and in the first half of the 18th century. Characterized primarily as a period of sculptural ornamentation. Columns and entablatures were decorated with garlands of flowers.

27. Rococo ARCHITECTURE Rococo also referred to as "Late Baroque" is an 18th century style which developed as Baroque artists gave up their symmetry and became increasingly ornate, florid, and playful. Rococo rooms were designed as total works of art with elegant and ornate furniture, small sculptures, ornamental mirrors, and tapestry complementing architecture, reliefs, and wall paintings.

28. International Style – The World of Machines- an attempt to interpret man’s purpose through his building in a style free in relation to change and independent of fix symmetries. modern ARCHITECTURE GLASS ARCHITECTURE SKYSCRAPERS

29. It refers to a structure and using process that is environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from sitting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. This practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort. Although new technologies are constantly being developed to complement current practices in creating greener structures, the common objective is that green buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment by: Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation GREEN ARCHITECTURE

30. THE WORLD’S FIRST GREEN BUILDING MADE OF BOTTLES IN TAIWAN This amazing building dubbed the EcoARK , was constructed using a whopping 1.5 million PET bottles to raise awareness about the importance of recycling. The world’s lightest, movable, breathable environmental miracle yet it insists it is strong enough to handle typhoon and earthquake and even fire. Its worth 3 million US dollars, it is constructed based on the three goals: REDUCE, REUSE and RECYCLE.

31. “whatever good things we build end up building us” Jim Robin

32. THANK YOU