Argonne H2_revision presentation for.pptx

H2

1. 2025-03-11 UNIVERSITY OF ULSAN Prepared by: Ahmad Adib Rosyadi Argonne Lab. H2 Project

2. 2025-03-11 UNIVERSITY OF ULSAN Prepared by: Ahmad Adib Rosyadi Dr. Riccardo Scarcelli Group Leader – Multi-Physics Engine Computations

3. Dr. Riccardo Scarcelli 2. Research and Publications 1. Biography Biography : Principal Research Scientist at the Center for Transportation Research, Transportation and Power Systems (TAPS) division of Argonne National Laboratory. Senior Staff Member of the Multi-Physics Computation section of the ES division and supervises a number of Postdoctoral Appointees and additional external collaborators at US and foreign universities. Specialties Internal combustion engines fueled by alternative gaseous fuels, to advanced gasoline engine concepts and advanced ignition technologies. Fundamental studies of high-pressure gaseous fuel injection, fundamental studies of conventional and non-conventional ignition processes, high-fidelity modeling of highly under-expanded gas jets, and physics of thermal and non-thermal plasmas

4. 1. Biography 2. Research and Publications Based on Dr. Riccardo Scarcelli publications over the past five years, his research can be classified into the following categories.: Combustion and Ignition in Internal Combustion Engines Kazmouz , S. J., Scarcelli , R ., Kim, J., et al. (2022). High-fidelity energy deposition ignition model coupled with flame propagation models at engine-like flow conditions. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 145(5), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4056098 Develops a numerical model for energy deposition ignition and flame propagation under engine-like flow conditions. The model considers the effects of electrical discharge characteristics on combustion initiation. Validation against experimental data shows high agreement between simulations and real-world results. This study provides new insights to improve ignition simulation accuracy for internal combustion engine applications. Kazmouz , S. J., Scarcelli , R ., Bresler, M., et al. (2023). A comprehensive model to capture electrical discharge and spark channel evolution during spark-ignition processes. Combustion and Flame, 248, 112589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2022.112589 Proposes a detailed numerical model to simulate electrical discharge and spark channel evolution in spark-ignition engines. Incorporates plasma physics and thermodynamic effects to enhance ignition modeling accuracy. Validates the model with experimental data, demonstrating improved prediction of ignition dynamics. Contributes to optimizing ignition systems for improved engine performance and efficiency. Kim, J., Gururajan , V., Scarcelli , R ., et al. (2022). Modeling nanosecond-pulsed spark discharge and flame kernel evolution. Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 144(2), 022305. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4051144 Develops a simulation framework for nanosecond-pulsed spark discharge in combustion applications. Captures the transient plasma dynamics and their influence on flame kernel development. Validates the model against experimental data, demonstrating accuracy in predicting early flame formation. Provides insights for optimizing ignition strategies in advanced combustion systems. Dr. Riccardo Scarcelli

5. 1. Biography 2. Research and Publications Scarcelli , R ., Kazmouz , S. J., et al. (2023). Commercialization of a comprehensive spark-ignition model for automotive engine applications in CONVERGE CFD. OSTI Technical Report. https://doi.org/10.2172/1922198 Introduces a robust spark-ignition model implemented in CONVERGE CFD for automotive applications. Focuses on enhancing ignition prediction accuracy in internal combustion engines. Demonstrates improved simulation performance through validation against experimental data. Supports industry adoption of advanced combustion modeling for engine efficiency and emissions reduction. Multi-Dimensional Modeling and Simulation in Internal Combustion Engines Wang, Y., Scarcelli , R., Bestel , D., et al. (2024). Multi-dimensional modeling of mixture formation in a hydrogen-fueled heavy-duty optical engine with direct injection. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 147(9), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4067419 Investigates hydrogen direct injection in a heavy-duty optical engine using multi-dimensional CFD modeling. Analyzes fuel-air mixing, turbulence, and combustion characteristics under different injection strategies. Provides insights into optimizing hydrogen injection for efficiency and reduced emissions. Supports the development of hydrogen-powered heavy-duty engines for sustainable transportation. Kazmouz , S. J., Scarcelli , R., Cheng, Z., et al. (2022). Coupling a Lagrangian –Eulerian Spark-Ignition (LESI) model with LES combustion models for engine simulations. Science and Technology for Energy Transition, 77(4), 10. https://doi.org/10.2516/stet/2022009 The study successfully integrates the Lagrangian –Eulerian Spark-Ignition (LESI) model with LES combustion models to improve engine simulation accuracy. The combined LESI-LES approach enhances the prediction of spark ignition and flame propagation, aligning well with experimental data. The model effectively captures the influence of turbulence on ignition and combustion, highlighting its potential for optimizing engine performance. Results suggest that this modeling framework can be used to refine combustion chamber designs and improve fuel efficiency while reducing emissions. Dr. Riccardo Scarcelli

6. 1. Biography 2. Research and Publications Scarcelli , R., Kim, J. (2024). Modelling Spark-Ignited Gaseous Fuelled Engines. In: Lakshminarayanan, P.A., Agarwal, A.K., Ge, H., Mallikarjuna , J.M. (eds) Modelling Spark Ignition Combustion. Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0629-7_12 (Chapter of Modeling Spark Ignition Combustion Book) The chapter discusses advanced modeling techniques for spark-ignited engines using gaseous fuels, emphasizing their unique combustion characteristics. It highlights the role of turbulence in flame propagation and how it affects efficiency and emissions in gaseous-fueled engines. The authors compare Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) methods for predicting combustion behavior. The insights from the models contribute to improving ignition strategies, fuel efficiency, and emission control in modern engine design. Powertrain and CFD Development for Future Vehicles Wijeyakulasuriya , S., Kim, J., Probst, D., et al. (2022). Enabling powertrain technologies for Euro 7/VII vehicles with computational fluid dynamics. Transportation Engineering, 9, 100127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.treng.2022.100127 The study explores the role of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in developing powertrain technologies that meet upcoming Euro 7/VII emission regulations. The paper discusses the optimization of exhaust aftertreatment technologies, such as catalytic converters and particulate filters, to reduce emissions. It highlights new combustion strategies, fuel injection systems, and air management techniques to enhance efficiency and lower emissions. The authors emphasize using CFD simulations to predict real-world engine performance, aiding in the design of cleaner and more efficient powertrains. Dr. Riccardo Scarcelli

7. 1. Biography 2. Research and Publications Alternative Fuels (Hydrogen, Natural Gas, and Biofuels) in Internal Combustion Engines Kim, J., Scarcelli , R., Som, S., et al. (2021). Numerical investigation of a fueled pre-chamber spark-ignition natural gas engine. International Journal of Engine Research, 23(9), 146808742110201. https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874211020180 Kim, J., Scarcelli , R. , Som, S., et al. (2021). Assessment of turbulent combustion models for simulating pre-chamber ignition in a natural gas engine. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 143(9). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4050482 Ryu, J. I., Motily , A., Lee, T., et al. (2021). Effect of hot probe temperature on ignition of Alcohol-to-Jet (ATJ) fuel spray under aircraft propulsion system conditions. AIAA 2021-0985, Fuels and Chemical Kinetics Session. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2021-0985 Jet Fuel and Chemical Reaction Modeling Ryu, J. I., Kim, K., Min, K., et al. (2021). Data-driven chemical kinetic reaction mechanism for F-24 jet fuel ignition. Fuel, 290, 119508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119508 Kim, J., Ameen, M., Scarcelli , R., et al. (2022). Evaluation of spray and combustion models for simulating dilute combustion in a direct-injection spark-ignition engine. Proceedings of ICEF2022. https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEF2022-90213 Kim, S., Scarcelli , R ., Wu, Y., et al. (2021). Simulations of multi-mode combustion regimes realizable in a gasoline direct injection engine. Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 143(11), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4050589 Dr. Riccardo Scarcelli

8. 1. Biography 2. Research and Publications Alternative Fuels (Hydrogen, Natural Gas, and Biofuels) in Internal Combustion Engines Kim, J., Scarcelli , R., Som, S., et al. (2021). Numerical investigation of a fueled pre-chamber spark-ignition natural gas engine. International Journal of Engine Research, 23(9), 146808742110201. https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874211020180 The study explores the effects of using a fueled pre-chamber in a natural gas spark-ignition engine to enhance combustion efficiency. Uses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to analyze combustion characteristics, flame propagation, and turbulence interactions in the engine. Evaluates how the pre-chamber design impacts engine performance, fuel efficiency, and emissions reduction. Provides insights into optimizing pre-chamber configurations for improved lean-burn combustion and lower pollutant formation. Kim, J., Scarcelli , R. , Som, S., et al. (2021). Assessment of turbulent combustion models for simulating pre-chamber ignition in a natural gas engine. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 143(9). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4050482 The study evaluates various turbulent combustion models for simulating pre-chamber ignition in a natural gas engine. Uses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to compare different combustion models in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency. Highlights the strengths and limitations of each model in predicting flame propagation, turbulence-chemistry interactions, and ignition behavior. Provides guidance on selecting the most suitable combustion model for optimizing pre-chamber ignition in natural gas engines. Ryu, J. I., Motily , A., Lee, T., et al. (2021). Effect of hot probe temperature on ignition of Alcohol-to-Jet (ATJ) fuel spray under aircraft propulsion system conditions. AIAA 2021-0985, Fuels and Chemical Kinetics Session. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2021-0985 Investigates how hot probe temperature influences the ignition characteristics of Alcohol-to-Jet (ATJ) fuel spray in aviation applications. Conducts experimental studies under aircraft propulsion system conditions, analyzing ignition delay, flame propagation, and spray behavior. Demonstrates that higher probe temperatures enhance ignition performance, reducing ignition delay and improving combustion stability Provides insights for optimizing ATJ fuel utilization in aircraft engines, improving efficiency and reliability in aviation fuel systems Dr. Riccardo Scarcelli

9. 1. Biography 2. Research and Publications Jet Fuel and Chemical Reaction Modeling Ryu, J. I., Kim, K., Min, K., et al. (2021). Data-driven chemical kinetic reaction mechanism for F-24 jet fuel ignition. Fuel, 290, 119508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119508 Develops a data-driven chemical kinetic reaction mechanism for accurately predicting the ignition characteristics of F-24 jet fuel. Utilizes experimental data and machine learning techniques to optimize and validate the reaction mechanism. The proposed mechanism improves prediction accuracy of ignition delay times and combustion behavior compared to conventional models. Enhances the reliability of simulations for jet fuel combustion, contributing to better fuel design and engine performance optimization. Kim, J., Ameen, M., Scarcelli , R., et al. (2022). Evaluation of spray and combustion models for simulating dilute combustion in a direct-injection spark-ignition engine. Proceedings of ICEF2022. https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEF2022-90213 Assesses different spray and combustion models for accurately simulating dilute combustion in direct-injection spark-ignition (DI-SI) engines. Compares computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations with experimental data to evaluate model performance. Identifies the most suitable spray and combustion models for predicting combustion characteristics under dilute conditions. Improves the accuracy of DI-SI engine simulations, aiding in the optimization of fuel injection and combustion strategies. Kim, S., Scarcelli , R., Wu, Y., et al. (2021). Simulations of multi-mode combustion regimes realizable in a gasoline direct injection engine. Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 143(11), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4050589 Investigates different combustion regimes that can be achieved in a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine using numerical simulations. Utilizes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models to simulate multi-mode combustion, including homogeneous and stratified charge combustion Demonstrates how different injection and ignition strategies affect combustion characteristics, efficiency, and emissions. Provides insights into optimizing GDI engine operation for better performance and reduced environmental impact. Dr. Riccardo Scarcelli

10. 2025-03-11 UNIVERSITY OF ULSAN Prepared by: Ahmad Adib Rosyadi Dr. Essam M. El- Hannouny Principal Mechanical Engineer

11. Dr. Essam M. El- Hannouny 2. Research and Publications 1. Biography Biography : Dr. El- Hannouny is an experienced Principal Investigator with a demonstrated history of working on engine research and fuel injection systems & sprays. Skilled in Research and Development (R&D) with PhD and Master’s degree focused in Mechanical Engineering from ERC-UW-Madison. Education : Ph.D. Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin -Madison, ERC, 2002 M.S. Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin -Madison, ERC, 1999. B.S. Mechanical Engineering, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt Awards & Honors Impact Argonne Award, 2020 ANL Pacesetter Award, 2015 SAE Forest R. McFarland Award, SAE world congress, 2015 He has been the principal investigator for several diesel engine research programs including locomotive and marine single cylinder engine emissions research, opposed-piston 2-stroke engine, and heavy-duty truck engines. Currently, he is working on decarbonizing the off-road sector.

12. 1. Biography 2. Research and Publications Dr. Essam M. El- Hannouny publications over the past five years : Ewphun , P. P., Biruduganti , M., El- Hannouny , E. , et al. (2024). Experimental investigation into the combustion characteristics of biodiesel fuel in a 4-stroke locomotive engine. Proceedings of ICEF2024. https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEF2024-140390 Examines the combustion behavior of biodiesel fuel in a four-stroke locomotive engine. Conducts experimental tests to measure key combustion parameters such as pressure, temperature, and emissions. Highlights the impact of biodiesel on engine efficiency, combustion stability, and emissions compared to conventional diesel fuel. Provides insights into the feasibility of using biodiesel as a sustainable alternative fuel for locomotive engines. Magnotti , G. M., Mohapatra, C. K., Mashayekh , A., et al. (2020). Development of an efficient conjugate heat transfer modeling framework to optimize mixing-limited combustion of ethanol in a diesel engine. Proceedings of ICEF2020, V001T06A009. https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEF2020-2946 Develops a modeling framework to improve the efficiency of ethanol combustion in diesel engines by optimizing heat transfer and fuel-air mixing. Utilizes conjugate heat transfer (CHT) simulations to analyze the thermal interactions between the combustion chamber and surrounding components. Demonstrates that optimizing heat transfer enhances combustion efficiency and reduces emissions in ethanol-diesel dual-fuel engines. Provides a computational tool for engine designers to improve alternative fuel combustion performance. Huo, M., El- Hannouny , E ., Longman, D., et al. (2025). Experimental study of direct-injection compression-ignition hydrogen combustion in an opposed-piston two-stroke (OP2S) engine. WCX SAE World Congress Experience. https://doi.org/10.4271/2025-01-8430 Dr. Essam M. El- Hannouny

13. 1. Biography 2. Research and Publications Huo, M., El- Hannouny , E ., Longman, D., et al. (2025). Experimental study of direct-injection compression-ignition hydrogen combustion in an opposed-piston two-stroke (OP2S) engine. WCX SAE World Congress Experience. https://doi.org/10.4271/2025-01-8430 Investigates the feasibility and performance of hydrogen combustion in a direct-injection compression-ignition opposed-piston two-stroke (OP2S) engine. Conducts experimental tests on an OP2S engine using direct hydrogen injection and compression ignition, analyzing efficiency, emissions, and combustion characteristics. Demonstrates that hydrogen can be successfully used in this engine type, with promising thermal efficiency and low emissions but challenges related to ignition control. Suggests potential for hydrogen as a clean fuel in advanced engine designs, contributing to decarbonization efforts. Dr. Essam M. El- Hannouny

14. 2025-03-03 UNIVERSITY OF ULSAN Prepared by: Ahmad Adib Rosyadi Argonne National Laboratory FUEL CELL AND HYDROGEN R&D

15. Research at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) conducts extensive research in the field of fuel cells. Here are some key areas of their research: PGM Free Catalyst : T he Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Materials group is developing platinum group metal-free (PGM-free) catalysts with the aim of maximizing the active site density, accessibility of the active sites, and the activity and durability of those sites. To achieve these goals, the group is utilizing high-throughput materials synthesis coupled with machine learning,1 characterization2 and equipment and methodologies development for performance evaluation.3 This research takes advantage of the capabilities within CSE’s Accelerated Discovery Laboratory. Platinum Alloy Electrocatalysts : The group studies performance and durability limits of platinum-based catalysts and electrodes using advanced diagnostics and X-ray techniques at Argonne’s Advanced Photon Source. Findings guide electrode design for heavy-duty vehicle applications as part of the DOE’s Million Mile Fuel Cell Truck Consortium (M2FCT).. Hydrogen Production : The group focuses on improving water electrolysis for hydrogen production by addressing cost and durability challenges. They develop PGM-free OER catalysts using stable transition metal composites to replace expensive iridium. As part of the DOE-HFTO H2NEW consortium, they work on enhancing electrolyzer materials and designs. Their research utilizes advanced spectroscopy and mass spectrometry to study catalyst degradation and optimize electrode performance. Carbon Dioxide to Fuel : The group develops highly effective transition metal-based catalysts for electrochemical CO₂ conversion into valuable chemicals like ethanol, ethylene, and formate . They also study the fundamental science behind this process. In collaboration with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, they work on high-efficiency, high-current-density cells for CO₂-to-fuel conversion, particularly formic acid. FUEL CELL AND HYDROGEN R&D

16. 2. Platinum Alloy Electrocatalysts 1. PGM Free Catalyst 4. Carbon Dioxide to Fuel Kort-Kamp, W. J. M., et al. (2023). Adaptive learning-driven high-throughput synthesis of oxygen reduction reaction Fe–N–C electrocatalysts. Journal of Power Sources, 570, 232583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.232583 This paper discusses an adaptive learning approach for high-throughput synthesis of Fe–N–C electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). By optimizing synthesis parameters using machine learning models, the study successfully enhances catalyst activity and stability. Experimental results demonstrate that this method can accelerate the development of non-precious metal-based catalysts for fuel cells. This approach is expected to be applicable in other catalytic material research to improve efficiency and sustainability in energy technologies. Ferrandon , M. S., et al. (2023). Enhancing the activity of Fe-N-C oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysts by high-throughput exploration of synthesis parameters. Electrochimica Acta, 453, 141850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2023.141850 . This study explores the optimization of Fe–N–C electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) using a high-throughput synthesis approach. By systematically varying synthesis parameters, the research identifies key factors influencing catalytic performance. The findings demonstrate improved ORR activity and durability, making Fe–N–C catalysts more viable for fuel cell applications. This method offers a promising pathway for accelerating the development of efficient, non-precious metal-based catalysts. 3. Hydrogen Production RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS

17. 2. Platinum Alloy Electrocatalysts 1. PGM Free Catalyst 4. Carbon Dioxide to Fuel Park, J., et al. (2020). Novel platinum group metal-free catalyst ink deposition system for combinatorial polymer electrolyte fuel cell performance evaluation. Journal of Power Sources, 478, 229020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.229020 This study introduces a novel catalyst ink deposition system for evaluating platinum group metal-free (PGM-free) catalysts in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). The proposed system enables high-throughput screening, improving the efficiency of catalyst performance assessment. The results demonstrate the feasibility of PGM-free catalysts for PEFC applications, with optimized deposition techniques enhancing their electrochemical activity. This approach offers a scalable and efficient method for accelerating the development of cost-effective fuel cell technologies. 3. Hydrogen Production RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS

18. 1. PGM Free Catalyst 2. Platinum Alloy Electrocatalysts 4. Carbon Dioxide to Fuel Ramaswamy, N., et al. (2021). Editors' Choice—Ionomer side chain length and equivalent weight impact on high current density transport resistances in PEMFC cathodes. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 168(12), 124505. https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac3c45 This study investigates the effects of ionomer side chain length and equivalent weight on transport resistances in PEMFC cathodes at high current densities. The results show that shorter side chains and lower equivalent weights improve oxygen transport, reducing overall performance losses. However, trade-offs exist between ionic conductivity and oxygen permeability, requiring optimization for practical applications. These findings provide critical insights into ionomer design strategies to enhance PEMFC performance under high-load conditions. Myers, D. J., et al. (2021). Degradation of platinum-cobalt alloy PEMFC cathode catalysts in catalyst-ionomer inks. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 168(4), 044508. https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abf38c This study examines the degradation mechanisms of platinum-cobalt alloy catalysts in PEMFC cathodes when incorporated into catalyst-ionomer inks. Results indicate that dissolution, particle growth, and loss of electrochemical surface area significantly impact long-term performance. The interaction between catalyst and ionomer plays a crucial role in determining stability, with certain ink formulations accelerating degradation. These findings highlight the need for optimized catalyst-ionomer interactions to enhance PEMFC durability. Hu, L., et al. (2023). Electrochemical characterization of evolving ionomer/electrocatalyst interactions throughout accelerated stress tests. Journal of Power Sources, 556, 232490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.232490 This study investigates the evolution of ionomer-electrocatalyst interactions during accelerated stress tests in PEM fuel cells. Findings reveal that changes in ionomer properties significantly affect catalyst utilization and overall cell performance over time. The degradation of these interactions contributes to increased resistance and reduced electrochemical activity. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for designing more durable fuel cell components. 3. Hydrogen Production RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS

19. 1. PGM Free Catalyst 2. Platinum Alloy Electrocatalysts 4. Carbon Dioxide to Fuel Kariuki, N. N., & Myers, D. J. (2021). Impact of nickel ions on the oxygen reduction reaction kinetics of Pt and on oxygen diffusion through ionomer thin films. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 168(6), 064505. https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac0651 This study examines the impact of nickel ions on the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics of platinum and oxygen diffusion through ionomer thin films. Results indicate that nickel ions significantly reduce ORR activity by adsorbing on platinum sites and altering the ionomer properties. The presence of nickel also increases oxygen transport resistance, further hindering fuel cell performance. These findings highlight the need for strategies to mitigate nickel contamination in PEM fuel cells. Chen, Y., Vise, A., Klein, W. E., Cetinbas , F. C., Myers, D. J., Smith, W. A., Deutsch, T. G., & Neyerlin , K. C. (2020). A robust, scalable platform for the electrochemical conversion of CO₂ to formate : Identifying pathways to higher energy efficiencies. ACS Energy Letters, 5(5), 1462-1468. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.0c00731 This study presents a scalable and robust electrochemical platform for converting CO₂ to formate with high energy efficiency. The authors identify key factors influencing efficiency, including electrode design, electrolyte composition, and operating conditions. Their findings highlight optimization pathways to enhance conversion rates and stability for large-scale applications. This research contributes to advancing CO₂ electroreduction technologies for sustainable energy solutions. 3. Hydrogen Production RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS

20. 1. PGM Free Catalyst 2. Platinum Alloy Electrocatalysts 4. Carbon Dioxide to Fuel Chong, L., Gao, G., Wen, J., Li, H., Xu, H., Green, Z., Sugar, J. D., Kropf, A. J., Xu, W., & Liu, D.-J. et al. (2023). La- and Mn-doped cobalt spinel oxygen evolution catalyst for proton exchange membrane electrolysis. Science, 380(6645), 609-616. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.ade1499 This study explores La- and Mn-doped cobalt spinel as an oxygen evolution catalyst for proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis. The modified catalyst demonstrates enhanced activity, stability, and efficiency compared to conventional materials. Structural and electrochemical analyses reveal the role of dopants in optimizing electronic properties and catalytic performance. These findings contribute to the development of more durable and efficient catalysts for water electrolysis and hydrogen production. Khandavalli , S., et al. (2024). Aging iridium oxide catalyst inks: A formulation strategy to enhance ink processability for polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyzers . Soft Matter, 20(45), 9028-9049. https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SM00987H This study investigates the aging effects of iridium oxide catalyst inks and proposes a formulation strategy to improve their processability for polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) water electrolyzers . By analyzing ink rheology, particle dispersion, and electrochemical performance, the researchers identify key parameters that enhance ink stability and coating uniformity. The optimized formulation leads to improved electrode performance and durability. These findings provide valuable insights for advancing scalable and efficient PEM electrolyzer catalyst preparation. 3. Hydrogen Production RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS

21. 1. PGM Free Catalyst 2. Platinum Alloy Electrocatalysts 4. Carbon Dioxide to Fuel Alia, S. M., et al. (2024). Simulated start-stop and the impact of catalyst layer redox on degradation and performance loss in low-temperature electrolysis. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 171(4), 044503. https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ad2bea This study examines the effects of simulated start-stop cycles on catalyst layer redox behavior and its impact on degradation in low-temperature electrolysis systems. The findings highlight that repeated redox transitions accelerate catalyst degradation, leading to performance losses over time. Strategies to mitigate these effects, such as optimizing operating conditions and material selection, are discussed. The study provides valuable insights for improving the durability and efficiency of low-temperature electrolyzers . 3. Hydrogen Production RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS

22. 1. PGM Free Catalyst 2. Platinum Alloy Electrocatalysts 4. Carbon Dioxide to Fuel Xu, H., et al. (2020). Highly selective electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction to ethanol by metallic clusters dynamically formed from atomically dispersed copper. Nature Energy, 5(8), 623-632. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-020-0647-4 This study investigates the electrocatalytic reduction of CO₂ to ethanol using dynamically formed metallic copper clusters from atomically dispersed precursors. The results demonstrate that these clusters exhibit high selectivity and efficiency for ethanol production due to their unique electronic and structural properties. The findings provide insights into catalyst design strategies for improving CO₂ electroreduction processes. This research contributes to the development of sustainable carbon utilization technologies. Guo, S.; Wang, J.; Zhang, H.; Iloeje , C. O.; Liu, D.-J. Direct Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to C2+ Chemicals: Catalysts, Microenvironments, and Mechanistic Understanding. ACS Energy Lett. 2025, 10 (1), 600-619. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acsenergylett.4c03186 This study explores the direct electrochemical reduction of CO₂ to C₂+ chemicals, focusing on catalysts, microenvironments, and mechanistic insights. It highlights the role of catalyst design and reaction conditions in improving selectivity and efficiency for multi-carbon products. The findings provide a deeper understanding of key factors influencing CO₂ electroreduction pathways. This work advances strategies for sustainable carbon conversion and renewable fuel production. 3. Hydrogen Production RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS

23. 1. PGM Free Catalyst 2. Platinum Alloy Electrocatalysts 4. Carbon Dioxide to Fuel Haiping Xu, Jianxin Wang, Haiying He, Inhui Hwang, Yuzi Liu, Chengjun Sun, Haozhe Zhang, Tao Li, John V. Muntean, Tao Xu, and Di-Jia Liu. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2024. 146 (15), 10357-10366 https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.3c12722?goto=supporting-info This study investigates advanced catalytic materials for electrochemical applications, focusing on structural and electronic modifications to enhance performance. The researchers demonstrate how precise catalyst engineering can improve activity, selectivity, and durability. Key findings highlight the influence of atomic arrangements and electronic interactions on reaction pathways. These insights contribute to the development of more efficient and sustainable electrochemical systems. Liu, D.-J. Electrochemical Conversion of CO2 to Long-Chain Hydrocarbons. Joule 2022, 6 (9), 1965-22118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2022.08.012 This study explores the electrochemical conversion of CO₂ into long-chain hydrocarbons, emphasizing catalyst design and reaction mechanisms. It highlights how tailored electrochemical conditions and catalyst structures improve selectivity and efficiency. The findings suggest pathways for optimizing reaction kinetics and scaling up CO₂-to-fuel technologies. This research advances the potential for sustainable hydrocarbon production using electrochemical methods. 3. Hydrogen Production RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS