Ism Witch History
Despite al Dawānīqī s threat, al Ṣādiq designated his son, Ismaʿil, as his successor and imam.
However, al Dawānīqī s persecution, threat, and frustration brought a new twist to the life and history
of Shīʿa communities. The key twist in this part of the Shīʿa history is the issue of Ismāʿīl s imamate
and occultation. Historical accounts vary on Ismaʿil s death and life during al Ṣādiq s lifetime. While it
is beyond the scope and focus of this paper to enter into a debate on this matter, it suffices to state that
the ʿAbbāsid threat and persecution caused the emergence of many splinter groups among al Ṣādiq s
followers. Remaining with the Ismaili line of imamate, Ismaili communities firmly believe in Ismāʿīl s
imamate and the continuation of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Ibn Nadīm s and Niẓām al Mulk s accounts, al Hallāj was the first dāʿī of Jibāl in present
day Iran (Ibn Nadim, 2002:352; Niẓām al Mulk, 1999:283 4). He might have been the first person
who could have assumed an official title of dāʿī, but, as the presented analyses have demonstrated, he
certainly was not the first person who was involved in the Ismaili daʿwa in Persia. Ghiyāth fled to
Khurasan around the end of the third/ninth and the beginning of the fourth/tenth centuries, when a
certain Sunni cleric, ʿAbd Allāh al Zaʿfarānī, incited public opinion against him (Niẓām al Mulk,
1999:284). Al Zaʿfarānī was the founder of the al Zaʿfarāniyya faction, one of the three schools of
Najjāriyya (al Barghawthiyya, Mustadrika, and al Zaʿfarāniyya), and a follower of Ḥusaīn ibn
Muḥammad al Najjār. He attacked Ghiyāth in order to create a bigger space and fame for himself.
Consequently, Ghiyāth migrated to Khurasan and settled in Marw al Rūd, in present day Bālā
Murghāb in north western Bādghīs province of Afghanistan, which is still populated with many
Hazara groups. Ghiyāth s major achievement was the conversion of Amīr al Ḥusaīn ibn ʿAlī al
Marwarūdī or al Marwazī (hereafter, al Marwazī). He governed Sīstān, Hirāt, Ghūr, Gharjistān,
Bādghīs, and Marw (Stern, 1960:60 61; Niẓām al Mulk, 1999:285) for the Sāmānid amīrs. As has
already been mentioned,
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