Aromatic Plants -origin, botany, utilization

TOPIC – Aromatic Plants -origin, botany, utilization
M.Sc Botany
Plant resource utilization
Aromatic plants

1. JAI NARAIN VYAS UNIVERSITY, JODHPUR DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY Submitted to - Dr . Pawan K. Kasera Submitted by - Anmol Mertiya (M.sc Previous 2 nd Sem) PAPER 203 - Plant Resource Utilization, Conservation and Biostatistics TOPIC – Aromatic Plants -origin, botany, utilization

2. Mentha Mints are aromatic, almost exclusively  perennial herbs . Leaf colors range- dark green and gray-green to purple, blue, pale yellow . Produced in false whorls - verticillasters . The   fruit  is a nutle t, containing one to four  seeds. Mentha arvensis – Pudina/ Japanese mint Mentha piperita – Peppermint Mentha spicata – Spearmint/Garden mint Mentha citrata – Orange/Bergamot mint FAMILY – Labiatae PART USED – Leaf (essential oil)

3. Mentha arvensis Mentha piperita Mentha spicata Mentha citrata

4. Origin Of Mentha Mediterranean basin USA main producer (peppermint & spearmint) Orange mint native of Europe. M.arvensis introduced in 1954 by RRL(J&K) M.piperita during British period. M.citrata RRLA in 1959. M.spicata Regional center of CIMAP, Panthnagar Botany Of Mentha Perennial herb spreading by rootstalks. Required fertile soil, rich in humus, pH 6-7.5 LEAF - lanceolate,oblong, sharply toothed, hairy. FLOWER - cyme, sessile, purple.

5. UTILIZATION JAPANESE MINT Source of menthol Fresh leaves - 0.4-0.6% oil Main constituents - menthol (65-75%), menthone (7-10%) , methyl acetate (12-15%) used  as a fragrance in toothpaste, mouthwash, soaps , detergents,lotions, perfumes . MENTHOL- Toothpaste Dental creams Beverages Tobacco Pan masala Analgesic PEPPERMINT- Fresh leaves 0.4-0.6% essential oil Menthol-(35-50%) Menthone (9-25%) Peppermint oil is promoted for topical use (applied to the skin) for problems like headache, muscle aches, joint pain, and itching. SPEARMINT Oil- carovene(58%) mouthwash, chewing gum and candy, Fights Bacterial Infections. decrease male hormones like testosterone while increasing female hormones. May Help Reduce Stress

6. Majorana hortensis (murwa) FAMILY – Labiatae PART USED – Leaves (oil) ORIGIN OF EVOLUTION Southern Europe, North Africa and Asia Minor. In India, grows in garden & suited for hill stations. Marjoram was popular during the middle Ages as a medicine and as a culinary herb in England during the sixteenth century. An aromatic herb of the mint family. Height- 30 to 60 cm. Essential oil is very strong and of very pleasant fragrance. The highest percentage is found in the leaves. Only traces in- flowers and stalks. Its active constituents - Monoterpene derivatives, terpenic esters monoterpenol and sesquiterpenoids.

7. BOTANY As ethereal oil Antimicrobial properties Antioxidant properties Control of platelet aggregation Therapeutic properties Uses in traditional medicine Used in food Antibacterial, antifungal Fresh twigs to flavour garlands, bouquet. OIL- flavours food, soap, cheese, meat products. USA consumes- 300-400 tera oil/annum. Annual or Perennial herb. Leaves- Oblong, ovate. Flowers- small, white/purple in clusters. Inflorescence- Verticillaster UTILIZATION

8. Growing tip with flower buds flowers of Marjoram Majorana hortensis

9. Pandanus odoratissimus (Kewda) FAMILY – Pandanaceae PART USED – Male flower: Kewda-oil & leaves It is an Indian Ayurvedic plant (kewda) . 20 m (66 ft), but can grow at elevations of 600m or higher.  grow along seashores, banks of rivers, ponds, canals. grows in tropical climate, can withstand drought, salty spray & strong wind. 600 species- subtropical and tropical regions 30-40 species of  Pandanus  in India. ORIGIN OF EVOLUTION Occurs in coastal regions of India, Iran, Malaysia. Native to South Asia and India has the tradition of alternative therapies. In Rajasthan, it was cultivated in Alwar & Pushkar.

10. Pandanus thrives in a beach habitat

11. Male inflorescences Newly opened male inflorescence Male Flower

12. BOTANY UTILIZATION Perennial shrub. LEAVES - bluish green, coriaceous, thorny, spines on margin & midrib Growing plant is supported by aerial roots. Flowering after 5 yrs. & continue upto 40-50yrs. MALE SPADIX - enclosed by acuminate spathe FEMALE SPADIX - solitary. FRUIT - syncarpium (numerous drupe) & become yellow/red when ripe FLOWERING - May- October. MALE SPADIX - 0.03% kewda oil, which has methyl ether of phenyl alcohol (60%), depentene(16%), d-linalool (19%) & phenyl ethyl acetate (4.5%) . MALE FLOWER - Hair decoration & in preparation of kewda oil, attar & water. KEWDA ATTAR - Scenting clothes, pan masala, bouquets, lotion, cosmetic, soap,hair oil, tobacco,agarbatti, etc. KEWDA OIL- Stimulant, antispasmodic, headache & rheumatism. KEWDA WATER- Sweet, syrup, soft drinks. LEAVES- Huts, mats, cordage, baskets,paper, in leprosy, small pox, scabies, leucoderma, heart & brain diseases. PLANT- Soil binder.

13. FRUIT FEMALE FLOWER

14. Cymbopogon FAMILY – Poaceae PART USED – Leaves Cymbopogon winterianus – Citronella or Java citronella Cymbopogon flexuosus – Lemon grass or Palmarosa Cymbopogon martinii – Rosha grass or Russa grass ORIGIN / EVOLUTION – Ceylon (Sri Lanka) NBRI introduced it in India. C. flexuosus – India C. martinii – Sub-tropical India Rajasthan wild species (Jodhpur & Bikaner) Also known as  lemongrass, barbed wire grass, silky heads, Cochin grass, Malabar grass, oily heads, citronella grass or fever grass. Its a genus of  Asian ,  African ,  Australian , and tropical island plants in the  grass family .

15. Cymbopogon winterianus Cymbopogon flexuosus Cymbopogon martinii

16. BOTANY Perennial herb, shortly rhizomatous grass Leaf sheaths glabrous, greenish inside fibrous roots; grows in clums. LEAF BLADDERS - linear INFLORESCENCE – Panicle, large, drooping. RACEME – long, one sessile, while other long pedicellate 2 lower spikelets which are male or neuter. UTILIZATION C.winterianus oil- Citronellal, citronellol & Geraniol, used in soap, perfumes, cosmetics, & flavouring industries & antibacterial properties. C.flexuosus oil – used for headache, toothache, baths, & as a diuretic agent for fever & insect repellent. C.martinii - perfumery, flavouring tobacco, Soaps, etc. Essential oil- used in fighting bacteria, reducing inflammation, combating fungal infections, providing antioxidants. Relaxation & massage, helping headaches.

17. ESSENTIAL OIL USES

18. Jasminum grandiflorum FAMILY – Oleaceae PART USED – Flowers Commonly known as Chameli, French/Italian Jasmine. Growth Form- An evergreen scandent shrub in the tropics with long, rather stiff branches. Foliage- simple, opposite/alternate, trifoliate or pinnate; Flowers- Flowers are 5 cm in diameter, white, borne in clusters. Stamens -2, ovary bilocular with 1-4 ovules. Flowers open early in the morning and oil content decreases by early morning.  Fruits - Seldom formed, fruits are 2-lobed berries that turn black when ripe. Etymology - The genus Jasminum  is latinized from the Persian name, yasemin or Arabic, yasamin, for perfumed plants.  The specific epithet grandiflorum  means large flowers. Origin/ Evolution - Indo- Burma

19. Jasminum grandiflorum

20. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF OIL - Benzyl benzoate benzyl alcohol benzyl dehyde euganol UTILIZATION & USES – Concrete & oil- high grade perfumes, soaps, cosmetics, muthwash, incense, deos,hanky perfumes etc. Food - Herb and Spice. In China and Indonesia, jasmine flowers are popular to flavour tea. Jasmine absolute - essential oil concrete- waxy solid containing essential oil are used as additives in food and tobacco. Medicinal- Jasmine oil or essence is said to stimulate the reproductive system as an aphrodisiac. It also functions as a muscle relaxant. The infusion of flowers treats coughs and can be applied externally for skin diseases.  Cultural / Religious- flowers for personal adornment, in religious ceremonies, added to baths.

21. Rosa damascena (Gulab) FAMILY – Rosaceae PART USED – Petals Commonly known as the  Damask rose , Bulgarian rose, Turkish rose, Arab rose, Ispahan rose and Castile rose. Its a   rose   hybrid , derived from  Rosa gallica  and  Rosa moschata . stems densely armed with stout, curved prickles and stiff bristles. The  leaves  are pinnate, with five (rarely seven) leaflets. Fruit - Pseudobactate, red, ovoid, rich in Vit.C. It is considered an important type of  Old Rose . ORIGIN OF EVOLUTION Europe & middle east countries (Iran, Turkey, Afghanistan). Introduced into European countries. Moracco- Largest producer of rose oil in world. In Rajasthan- Pushkar & Haldighati. Believed that the  ancient Romans  brought it to their colonies in  England . Some believed that the physician of  King Henry VIII  gifted him in 1540.

22. ROSEHIPS

23. Components of rose (essential) oil Citral - cosmetics and personal care products Carvone- Flavouring agent,air freshening products. Citronellol - as a mite attractant in insect repellants. Citronellyl Acetate- gives the aroma of roses. Eugenol- antiseptic & antiinflammatory properties. Farnesol- natural pesticide for mites. it is one of 599 additives in cigarettes. Phenylacetaldehyde- found in flavoured cigarettes, beverages, & fragrances. Phenyl Geraniol- common in flavours of pineapple, lemon, orange,plum,&bluebery.

24. UTILIZATION ROSE OIL- Citronellol(0.4%), nonadecane(12%), geraniol(15%), henicosane(17%),& β- phenylethyl alcohol(4%). FLOWERS- Laxative property due to presence of a flavanoil glucosite. Commercial source of rose oil, concrete, water, gulkand,etc. Oil in perfumery Different rose products used in cosmetics Beverages & cold drinks Flavouring agent in food stuff. Chewing tobacco Alcoholic liquor. ROSE OIL- - reduce anxiety, stress, depression, pain -- increase libido -- protect against harmful bacteria and fungi

25. References Chandel, K.P.S., Shukla, G. and Sharma, N. 1996. Biodiversity of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in India: Conservation and Utilization. National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305495443_Aromatic_Plants https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267271451_Majorana_hortensis_M_A_review_update https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3586833/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/cymbopogon https://www.hindawi.com/journals/aps/2014/120895/ https :// www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/1/4/1436

26. THANK YOU !