Artemisia.pptx

Estimation of Artemeisin

1. Artemisia DR.PRASANTH B Associate Professor Nirmala College of Pharmacy, Muvattupuzha

2. Artemisia Synonym: Mugwort , wormwood, sagebrush is a plant of the daisy , Santonica and Worm seeds. Biological Source Artemisia consists of unexpanded flower-head obtained from the plant Artemisia annua ,  Artemisia apiacea , Artemisia lancea , Artemisia brevifolia , Artemisia maritima , Family: Asteraceae . Geographical Source: Artemisia plant is found in the Kurran valley regions of Pakistan, Turkey, and widespread from Kashmir to Kumaon in Himalayas, and in West Tibet. The plant is also cultivated in the states of Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and Haryana.

3. Macroscopic Features 1) Colour : Flowers are yellow in colour , while other parts are whitish-grey. 2) Odour : Aromatic and sweet. 3) Taste: Bitter and camphoraceous . It contains yellowish or brownish, oval -shaped flower -heads. The flowers are fertile in presence of tubular corolla and short cylindrical tube and narrow limb. It lacks calyx.

4. Constituents : The major active constituent of  Artemisia annua ,  Artemisia apiacea , and  Artemisia lancea  is Sesquiterpene with an internal peroxide linkage Artemisinin . ( The aerial parts of  Artemisia annua   contain 0.01-0.8 % of artemisinin per dry weight). Derivatives of this compound include arteether , artemether , artemotil , artenimol , artesunate , and dihydroartemisinin , which, along with artemisin , are currently being used to treat drug-resistant and non-drug resistant malaria. Other constituents of  Artemisia annua  include Santonin ( Sesquiterpene lactone ) , deoxyartemisinin , artemisinic acid, arteannuin -B, stigmasterol , friedelin , friedelan-3 beta- ol , artemetin , and quercetagetin 6,7,3',4'-tetramethyl ether. The essential oil of  Artemisia annua  aerial parts contains 44% camphor, 16% germacrene D, 11% trans- pinocarveol , 9% beta- selinene , 9% beta- caryophyllene , and 3% artemisia ketone .

5. Chemical Test 1gm of finely powdered drug is mixed with 10ml alcohol and filtered. Sodium hydroxide is added to the filtrate and the mixture is heated. The colour of liquid appears red. Substitutes The plant can be substituted by a tall aromatic shrub of Artemisia vulgaris Linn. (belonging to family Compositae ) distributed in all mountainous regions of India

6. Uses Artemisia annua  extracts have antimalarial properties.  A combination of  Artemisia annua  and chloroquine was more effective in fever subsidence and disappearance of malarial symptoms. Qinghaosu (QHS), also known as artemisinin and arteannuin , is a novel type of sesquiterpene with a peroxide linkage isolated from the Chinese herb  Artemisia annua  L.  Since its discovery as an antimalarial with low toxicity, hundreds of derivatives have been synthesized; artesunate (ATS), artemether (ATM), and dihydroartemisinin (DHQHS ) were found to be more active than QHS itself. Santonin is a strong anthelmintic acting against roundworm infections.

7. Extraction of Artemisinin Solvent extraction is the most widely used method to separate artemisinin from the Chinese medicinal herb  Artemisia annua   . A series of monoether -based solvents were investigated to extract artemisinin , and propylene glycol methyl ether (PGME) was found to be the most appropriate one for this extraction. Ultrasonic irradiation was demonstrated to be able to assist artemisinin extraction.