Arthrology

Dr. Waqas Nawaz
PMAS arid agriculture university rawalpindi

1. ARTHROLOGY By: Waqas Nawaz 11-arid-975__ DVM 2 nd sem

2. Arthrology Study of joints The Articulations of Joints An articulation or Joint is formed by the union of two or more bones or cartilages by other tissue

3. Classification a . Anatomically according to their mode of development, the nature of the uniting medium, and the form of the joint surfaces. b. Physiologically , with regard to the amount and kind of movement or the absence of mobility in them . c. By a combination of the foregoing considerations .

4. Subdivisions Three chief subdivisions of joints are usually recognized on the basis of function :- a. Synarthroses b. Diarthroses c. Amphi-Arthroses

5. SYNARTHROSES / Fibrous joints In this group the segments are united by fibrous tissue or cartilage or a mixture of the two Fixed or immovable joints There is no cavity Most of these joints are temporary

6. Classes The chief classes in this group of joints are as follows:- (1) Suture :- This term ( Suture) is applied to those joints in which the adjacent bones are closely united by fibrous tissues the sutural ligament Suture Serrata Suture Squamosa Suture Harmonia

7. 2-Syndesmosis In these the uniting medium is white fibrous or elastic tissue or a mixture. e .g., union of the shaft of the metacarpal bones and the attachments to each other of costal cartilages

8. 3-Synchondrosis In these, the two bones are united by cartilage. e.g the joints between the basilar part of the occipital bone and the sphenoid bone. Very few joints are permanent.

9. 4. Symphysis :- This term is usually limited to a few median joints which connect symmetrical parts of the skeleton. e.g Symphysis pelvis, symphysis mandible. 5. Gomphosis :- This term is sometimes applied to the implantation of the teeth in the alveoli. The gomphosis is not properly considered a joint at all sine the teeth are not parts of the skeleton .

10. SYMPHYSIS & GOMPHYSIS

11. DIARTHROSES/SYNOVIAL JOINTS These joints are characterized by the presence of a joint cavity with a synovial membrane in the joint capsule and by their mobility. Movable or true joints. Functional joint Consists of synovial fluid, articular cartilage, joint cavity, joint capsule, ligaments, particular discs or menisci and a marginal cartilage

12. Movements The movements of a joint are determined chiefly by the form and extent of joint surfaces and the arrangement of ligaments. They are usually classified as :- Gliding Angular Movements Circumduction Rotation Adduction abduction

13. Classification This is based on the form of the joint surfaces and the movements which occur. The following chief classes may be recognized:- 1. Arthrodia :- Or gliding joint Examples: Carpo -metacarpal joints 2. Ginglymus :- Or hinge-joint Examples:- Atlanto - occipital and elbow joints. 3. Trochoid :- Or pivot joint . Examples :- Atlanto – axial joint. 4. Enarthrosis :- Or ball-and-socket joints . Examples :- Hip and shoulder joints.

14. AMPHIARTHROSES Segments are directly united by a plate of fibro-cartilage , and usually by ligaments also These joints are nearly all medial in position Joints between the bodies of the vertebrae There is typically no joint cavity, but in certain situation one exists.

15. AMPHIARTHROSIS

16. Thanks