Articulators- Prosthodontics and crown and bridge

Hanau articulator

1. Articulators - Dr.Sana Khwaja II MDS Dept of Prosthodontics and crown and bridge

2. CONTENTS Introduction Definition History and Development Classification of an Articulator Requirements, Uses and Limitations Parts of an Articulator EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 2

3. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 3 Individual Articulators Mean Value Articulator Hanau Articulator Whipmix Articulator Denar Articulator Other types of articluators Programming an Articulator Care and Maintenance of Articulators Recent advances Conclusion References

4. INTRODUCTION EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 4

5. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 5 Definition Definition of Articulator: Glossary Of Prosthodontics Terms - 9: JPD May 2017 “It is a mechanical instrument that represents the temporomandibular joints and jaws, to which maxillary and mandibular casts may be attached to simulate some or all of the mandibular movements ”.

6. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 6 PURPOSE OF AN ARTICULATOR To hold the maxillary and mandibular casts in a determined fixed relationship. To simulate the jaw movements, like opening and closing To produce border movements (extreme lateral and protrusive movements) and intraborder movements (within the border movement) of the teeth similar to those in the mouth

7. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 7 USES OF AN ARTICULATOR To diagnose the state of occlusion in both the natural and artificial dentitions. To plan dental procedures based on the relationship between opposing natural and artificial teeth, e.g. evaluation of the possibility of balanced occlusion. To aid in the fabrication of restorations and prosthodontic replacements. To correct and modify completed restorations. To arrange artificial teeth.

8. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 8 REQUIREMENTS OF AN ARTICULATOR Minimal Requirements : It should hold casts in the correct horizontal relationship. It should hold casts in the correct vertical relationship. The casts should be easily removable and reattachable . It should provide a positive anterior vertical stop (incisal pin). It should accept face-bow transfer record using an anterior reference point.

9. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 9 It should open and close in a hinge movement. It should be made of noncorrosive and rigid materials that resist wear and tear . It should not be bulky or heavy . There should be adequate space present between the upper and lower members. The moving parts should move freely without any friction. The nonmoving parts should be of a rigid construction.

10. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 10 Additional Requirements The condylar guides should allow protrusive and lateral jaw motion. The condylar guides should be adjustable in a horizontal direction. The articulator should be adjustable to accept and alter the Bennett movement. The incisal guide table should be customizable (allow modification).

11. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 11 LIMITATIONS OF ARTICULATORS An articulator may be made of metal or plastic. Metal articulators show errors in tooling (manufacture) or errors resulting from metal fatigue . The articulator may not exactly simulate the intraborder and functional movements of the mandible. Errors in jaw relation procedures are reproduced as errors in the denture occlusion. Articulators do not have any provision to indicate or correct these errors.

12. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 12 HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT

13. ARTICULATORS FROM 1700 to 1800 EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 13 YEAR NAME INVENTION 1756 Philip Pfaff Slab articulator / plaster articulator Jain AR. Articulators through the Years Revisited: From 1700 to 1900—Part I. World J Dent. 2015 Oct;6(4):222-5.

14. ARTICULATORS FROM 1801 to 1900 EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 14 YEAR NAME INVENTION Barn Door Hinge articulator adaptable Barn Door Hinge / Dayton Dunbar Campbell instrument.

15. YEAR NAME INVENTION 1805 JB Garriott HINGE JOINT ARTICULATOR 1 st mechanical articulator 1830 Howarth and Ladmore Howarth Plaster Articulator EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 15

16. YEAR NAME INVENTION 1840 Thomas W Evans Plane Line Articulator 1840 james Cameron James Cameron’s Articulator 1840 Daniel T Evens Daniel T Evens Articulator / ‘Dentist’s Guide’. US PATENTED ARTICULATORS EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 16

17. YEAR NAME INVENTION 1858 Bonwill The Bonwill Articulator 1868 ET Starr ET Starr Articulator 1895 –1900 Antes- lewis Antes-Lewis Articulator FIXED CONDYLAR GUIDE ARTICULATORS EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 17

18. YEAR NAME INVENTION 1889 Richmond hayes Richmond Hayes Articulator FIRST FIXED DESCENDING CONDYLAR PATH EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 18

19. YEAR NAME INVENTION 1896–1899 Gysi and muller Gysi E Muller Articulator 1896 WE walker William Earnest Walker-Clinometer EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 19

20. YEAR NAME INVENTION 1894 CE Bixby The Bixby Attachment 1899 George B Snow and AD Gritman Gritman’s Articulator EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 20

21. ARTICULATORS : FROM 1900 TO 1950 YEAR NAME INVENTION 1901 Huberty Articulator 1902 Kerr brothers Kerr articulator 1905 Christensen Christensen’s Articulator Jain AR. Articulators through the Years Revisited: From 1900 to 1950—Part II. World J Dent. 2016 Jan;7(1):23-31. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 21

22. YEAR NAME INVENTION 1906–1907 George Snow New Century and Modified New Century Articulator 1906 George B Snow The Acme Articulator 1908–1910 Gysi The Gysi Adaptable Articulator EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 22

23. YEAR NAME INVENTION 1914 Alfred Gysi Gysi Simplex Articulator 1911 CE Luce Luce Articulator 1912 Ernest Eltner Eltner Articulator EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 23

24. YEAR NAME INVENTION 1915 Hall Hall’s Anatomic Articulator 1918 George Monson Maxillomandibular Instrument (Monson’s Articulator) EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 24

25. YEAR NAME INVENTION 1920 HC hagman Hagman Balancer 1921 The Stephan Articulator 1926 Hanau Hanau Model H110 EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 25

26. YEAR NAME INVENTION 1923 Rudolph L Hanau The Hanau Model M Kinescope 1923 Joseph homer Homer Relator 1924 Frank wadsworth Wadsworth Articulator EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 26

27. YEAR NAME INVENTION 1926 Gysi Gysi Trubyte or Trubyte Simplex 1926 George P phillips Phillips Student Articulator (Model C) Or Pantographic Articulator 1927 Hanau Hanau Model H110 Modified EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 27

28. YEAR NAME INVENTION 1927 MM House The House Articulator 1929 CJ Stansberry The Stansberry Tripod Instrument 1930 WH Terrell Terrell’s Precision Coordinator EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 28

29. YEAR NAME INVENTION 1934 Hanau Crown and Bridge Articulator - posterior pin and cam guided mechanism 1938 George P phillips The Phillips Occlusoscope 1939 Mccollum The McCollum Gnathoscope EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 29

30. Stephan articulator modified (1940) Fixed condylar path, upper and lower mounting arms on this model are longer. Adjustable set screw The Fournet articulator (1940) Maxillary cast is positioned – by the two max central incisors which are oriented by esthetics and which in turn rests on a curve of spee anteriorly and the cook mounting jig Dentatus articulator ARH model (1944) Original dentatus articulator, adjustable condylar indicator from –60º to +60º a nd has a sideshift adjustable from 0º to 40º. Johnson-Oglesby articulator (1950) Limited use Coble articulator (1950) Maintain the CR and VD but doesn’t allow for functional movements. The Galetti articulator (1950–1960) Each cast is held mechanically without plaster by two fixed posts anteriorly and one adjustable post posteriorly on each member. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 30

31. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 31 ARTICULATORS : FROM 1971-1990 Teledyne Hanau model-194 (1970-1971) Dentatus ARO Articulator (1971) Denar Mark II (1975) Hanau H2 Arcon model-158 (1977) Hanau model-165 Hanaumate (1977) Hanau Radial Shift model-166 (1981) J ain AR. Articulators through the years revisited: from 1971-1990 —Part III International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences  2016 oct;7(4)

32. Hanau Wide Vue183 and 184 (1981) Hanau Modular Articulator system The Panadent Articulator- By Lee SL,PSL,PCL Model (1978-1983) Omni Articulator (1984) SAM Articulator (1990) EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 32

33. Girrbach-artex articulators (1995) Cyberhoby fully adjustable articulator (1983) SAM 3 articulators (1990-2003) Virtual articulators (1999-2009) Kavoprotor articulators EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 33

34. NAME ACHVIEMENT GARIET 1805 - Develop a hinge articulator made of the metal. Evans 1840 - Develop the first anatomical articulator . Bonwill 1854- Propose a Bonwill's triangle . 1859-Propose a Three points contact occlusion Developed the anatomical articulator Balkwill 1886- Propose a Balkwill angle . Spee 1890- Propose the theory of the Spee's curve. Walker 1896- Measure a human mandibular movement for the first time, and recognize the need which gives an Articulator a Sagittal condylar path. Develop the first adjustment Articulator of the arcon type. Snow 1899- Develop a face bow EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 34

35. Gysi 1901 -Release a gothic arch tracing method . 1908-Develop Adaptable Articulator .An incisal guide table can adjust it by installing an exclusive adapter. 1929 - Release that a inclination of Sagittal condylar path is an average 33degrees when its based on the Camper's line. 1958-Propose that there is a difference in Sagittal condylar element of the protrusive movement and the lateral movement. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 35

36. Christensen 1901- Release a Christensen phenomenon. Angle 1907- Release the classification of Angle ( Angle's Key to occlusion) Bennett 1907- Release Bennett movement. Zsigmondy 1912- Measure a path of masticatory movement. Release the 3 phase theory of the mastication. Hanau 1921- Develop a Hanau-model H articulator. 1926- Release synthetic mandibular movement theory to name as " HanauQuint ". 1958 -Develop a Hanau H2-O Articulator . EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 36

37. McCollm , Stallard 1921-Develop how to measure a Hinge axis . 1931-Develop the Gnathograph (the archetype of the Pantograph). 1934-Develop the Gnathoscope Articulator . 1955-Propose a balanced occlusion as an ideal occlusion of the Oral rehabilitation. Release the 12 decision elements of the occlusion. Yazaki 1929- Propose mastication movement theory. Beyron 1944- Develop the Dentatus Articulator. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 37

38. Payne 1941- Release a modified set-up method. 1962-Release the Cusp to ridge waxing method. Stallard,Stuart 1949- Release the general idea of Mutually protected occlusion. 1955- Develop a Stuart computer. 1961- Develop a Whip-Mix Articulator. Thomas 1950- Release the Cusp fossa waxing (wax corn technique) and Tripodism which aimed at giving it an Organic occlusion. D amico 1958- Discover that a canine tooth is a "stress breaker" from the research of the anthropology. Schuyler 1961-Propose group functioned occlusion. Posselt 1962- Publish the figure ( Posselt's banana) which the limit movement way of the lower incisal tooth was drawn in three-dimensionally. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 38

39. Swanson 1968- Develop a TMJ Articulator. Granger 1968- Develop a Simulator Articulator. Hobo 1971- Release a Principle of overcompensation. Lundeen 1973- Release that the angle of lateral condyle path EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 39

40. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 40 CLASSIFICATION OF ARTICULATORS

41. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 41 GILLIS CLSSIFICATION in (1926) : The adaptable (or) Adjustable The Average (or) Fixed type BOUCHER’S CLASSIFICATION in (1934) : Nonadjustable Adjustable : two-dimensional instrument three-dimensional instrument KINGERY’S CLASSIFICATION (1934) : Simple articulators Adaptable (or) adjustable articulators

42. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 42 BECK’S CLASSIFICATION (1962) : Suspension instrument Axis instrument Tripod instrument WEINBERG’S CLASSIFICATION (1963) : Arbitrary [Monsoon spherical theory] Positional [Stanberry tripod concept] Semi adjustable [Hanau H concept] Fully adjustable [Hanau kinescope concept] [ Gysi trubyte concept] [McCollum concept]

43. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 43 POSSELT (1968) : a) Plain line or simple hinge. b) Mean value types c) Adjustable types:  Semi adjustable : e.g. Hanau, Dentatus .  Fully adjustable : e.g. Denar. THOMAS CLASSIFICATION (1968) : a) Arbitrary [non adjustable] b) Positional [Axis & Non axis type; static type] c) Functional [Axis & Non axis type; functional records]

44. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 44 SHARRY’S CLASSIFICATION (1974) : a) Simple Hinge type b) Fixed guided type c) Adjustable instruments BOUCHER’S CLASSIFICATION A] Based on theories of occlusion B] The type of record used for their adjustment -Those utilizing the Inter occlusal records -Those using the Graphic record adjustment -Those utilizing hinge-axis location for adjusting the articulator.

45. Articulators based on Geometric theories of Mandibular movements Bonwill’s Equilateral theory Monson’s spherical theory Hall’s conical theory EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 45

46. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 46 Bonwill theory of occlusion 4 inch distance between condyles and each condyle and the incisor point Allows lateral movement and movements only in horizontal plane

47. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 47 Conical theory: (R E HALL) Lower teeth move over surfaces of upper teeth as over surface of a cone generating an angle of 45° with the central axis of the cone tipped 45° to the occlusal plane. Hall’s automatic articulator Alligator Hall articulator

48. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 48 G.S.Monson Surface of a sphere with diameter of 8 inches Monson’s maxilla mandibular articulator Spherical theory of occlusion

49. Articulators based on the type of record used for the adjustment Interocclusal record adjustment - one positional relationship of the lower jaw to upper jaw. Graphic record adjustment - records of the extreme border positions of mandibular movement Hinge axis location for adjusting articulators - correct location of the opening and closing axis of the mandible should be made EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 49

50. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 50 Based on the instrument's capability, intent, recording procedure and record acceptance. Class I Single static registration Slab articulators Hinge-joint articulator- Gariot Barn- door hinge The Corelator (Denar Corp.) The Verticulator ( Jelenko ) International Prosthodontic Workshop on Complete Denture Occlusion at the University of Michigan -1972

51. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 51 Class II Permit horizontal as well as vertical movement Type A : Eccentric motion permitted is based on average or arbitrary values Gysi Simplex Articulator

52. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 52 Type B: Eccentric motion permitted is based on theories of arbitrary motion . Type C: Eccentric motion permitted is determined by the patient using engraving methods . The Monson Maxillo-mandibular articulator The Gnathic Relator

53. Instruments that simulate condylar pathways by using averages or mechanical equivalents for all or part of the motion. May be arcon or nonarcon instruments, accept facebows , and have mounting plates for unlimited case load. Class III. Articulator EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 53

54. Type A : Instruments that accept static protrusive registrations and use equivalents for the rest of the motion. Dentatus articulator EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 54

55. Type B : Instruments that accept static lateral protrusive registrations and use equivalents for the rest of the motion. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 55

56. Class IV. Articulator Instruments that will accept three dimensional dynamic registrations. These instruments allow for orientation of the casts to the temporomandibular joints and replication of all mandibular movements . Type A : Condylar paths is recorded by engraved registration by the patient. Non modifiable Denar Combi articulator EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 56

57. Denar D5A Articulator Stuart Articulator Type B : This is similar to type A but they allow angulation and customization of condylar path. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 57

58. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 58 BASED ON CONDYLAR ELEMEMT ATTACHMENT-BERGSTORM Arcon : whipmix articulator Non Arcon : hanau H series and dentatus articulator HALPERIN et al Simple or Hinge articulators( Acron ) Fully adjustable articulators(Non- arcon ) Semi adjustable articulators

59. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 59 CHARLES M. HEARTWELL Emphasized role of pantograph in record r egistration Class I( Will receive and reproduce 3d graphic tracings) eg : TMJ stenographic articulator, Denar DSA. Class II( Will not receive pantograph ) Type 1 (Hinge) ex : Bonwill, Gysi , Type 2 (Arbitrary) ex : Monson, Transgraph Types 3 (Average) ex : Dentatus , Hanau Type 4 (Special) ex : Stansbery tripod,

60. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 60 HOWAT et al classified the articulators into three types based on their abilities in copying mandibular movements. Average value Semi adjustable Fully adjustable TAMURA classified the articulators into three types Fully adjustable articulators Semi adjustable articulators Non adjustable articulators

61. Rihani A. Classification of articulators. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 1980 Mar 1;43(3):344-7. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 61

62. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 62 Another important classification is tracking or non tracking i . Tracking - these instruments have a rigid, totally boxed - in slot in which the condylar ball moves. ii. Non-tracking - these instruments are not totally boxed in so that the maxillary member of that articulator can be removed from the mandibular member.

63. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 63 SOME COMMONLY USED ARTICULATOR MEAN-VALUE ARTICULATOR HANAU WIDE VUE ARTICULATOR WHIP – MIX ARTICULATOR DENAR ARTICULATOR PANADENT ARTICULATOR TMJ ARTICULATOR

64. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 64 MEAN VALUE ARTICULATOR Parts: Upper member Lower member Incisal table V ertical rod or Incisal pin Condylar guide pin

65. UPPER MEMBER T riangular frame The apex of the triangle - vertical rod (incisal pin). Two condylar elements - They articulate with the condylar guidance of the lower member. The maxillary cast is attached to the upper member during articulation EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 65

66. LOWER MEMBER 'L'- shaped frame with a horizontal and a vertical arm. The horizontal arm - triangular The apex of the triangle - the incisal guide table. The vertical arm - rectangular EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 66

67. CONDYLAR GUIDANCE R epresented by a slot ( condylar track) I t guides the movement of the condyle in the mean value articulator Condylar element of upper member passes through this track. A spring is mounted within this track to establish the condylar element EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 67

68. VERTICAL ROD OR INCISAL PIN The pointed tip of vertical rod should rest on the center of incisal guide during articulation. It helps to keep a fixed distance between the upper and lower members at the anterior end. The tip of the incisal guide pin is the anterior reference point in this articulator. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 68

69. INCISAL GUIDE PIN & GUIDE TABLE Incisal guide table is defined as "that part of the articulator which maintains the incisal guide angle ". V ery short cylinder whose upper surface is concave . Depth of the concavity is designed to have a slope equal to the average incisal guide. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 69

70. Advantages: Simple to use. Can be used for individual posterior restorations and short span (three to four units) posterior bridges with a minimal vertical and horizontal overlap Disadvantages: Most of these articulators do not accept face-bow record. The condylar path moves to a fixed angle and it is successful only in patients whose condylar angle approximates that of the articulator. No lateral movements EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 70

71. To be continued EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 71

72. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 72 HANAU WIDE VUE Semi adjustable ARCON type Accept a Face-bow transfer Capable of hinge & lateral movements

73. It consist of following parts – Upper member – Lower member – Mounting plates – Condylar analogues – Condylar guidance – Incisal guide pin and table EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 73

74. UPPER MEMBER T shaped with vertical & horizontal arm Condylar guidance attached to this. Mounting dowels present the center of under surface Orbital indicator present near dowel. Incisal pin is at the anterior end. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 74

75. LOWER MEMBER L-Shaped with horizontal & vertical arm. Horizontal arm is rectangular metal strap. Dowel present center of the lower member for mounting ring & also a stand of pivot EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 75

76. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 76

77. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 77 CONDYLAR GUIDANCE

78. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 78

79. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 79

80. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 80 INCISAL GUIDE TABLE

81. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 81 INCISAL PIN

82. Represents the patient’s infra- orbitale notch EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 82 Used for mounting the casts

83. INDIVIDUAL ARTICULATORS EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 83

84. DENTATUS EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 84

85. Models Features ARS The horizontal condylar guidance is fixed at 30 degrees They have a fixed Bennett angle at 15 degrees They have incisal guide tables which are flat or inclined at an angle of 10 degrees ARD They are similar to ARS except that they have an adjustable horizontal condylar guidance from 0-60 degrees and an adjustable Bennett angle ranging from 0-40 degrees ARA They are similar to the above-mentioned series except that they are arcon type They have HCG adjustments from -70 to +70 degrees and Bennett angle from 0 to 40 degrees EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 85

86. DENTATUS BALANCE EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 86 They are 75% that of regular series in size They have 4 interchangeable slot assemblies with HCG - 20, 25, 30 and 40 degrees respectively They have Bennett angle adjustments about 10-15 degrees They have fixed Incisal Guidance at 0, 5, 10 and 15 degrees respectively

87. HANAU ARTICULATORS Hanau H (Non- Arcon ) : Rudolf L. Hanau in 1923. Non- Arcon Intercondylar distance - 110 mm Horizontal condylar guidance - 40 to +80 Lateral condylar guidance 0 to 20 Hanau formula : L =H/8 + 12 EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 87

88. Hanau H2 (Model 96) ( Non Arcon ): Has all features of original Hanau and additions as auditory pins have been added to the condylar mechanism. Lateral condylar guidance increased to 0 to 30 Hanau H2 (Model 158) ( Arcon ) ( 1977) Retained all the features of H2 model 96 but it is of arcon type. The remarkable feature of this articulator is that it can be inverted to attach the mandibular cast without mounting stand EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 88

89. Some other models of the H2 series are: (1) Model H2-0 , with orbital indicator attachment; (2) Model H2-X , with extendable condylar shafts; and (3) Model H2-PR , with calibrated adjustments to protrude or retrude the condylar balls up to 3 mm. The Model H2-XPR is a combination of the models listed. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 89

90. Hanau kinoscope EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 90

91. HANAU MATE / HANAU 165 Fixed averages articulator. The condylar element is at 110 mm and has average horizontal condylar guidance of 30 degrees and average Bennett angle of 15 degrees The upper frame can be separated easily by loosing two locks . Casts are mounted using quick release pins instead of mounting plates. Excellent lingual visibility. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 91

92. Vue 1 has close condylar track. Vue 2 has open condylar track. Also has condylar retainers to avoid accidental separation. Has micrometer protrusive, retrusive condylar adjustments. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 92 Hanau wide vue (models183 & 184)

93. Hanau Radial shift (Model 166) : 1981 Arcon type Upper member can be removed for waxing A curved immediate side shift ( Radial shift) with adjustable progressive Bennet angle of 0 to 60 Radial shift of 3mm is provided. Has a curved superior wall with 0.75” radius. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 93

94. WHIPMIX ARTICULATORS Introduced by Dr Charles Stewart in 1963. His main objective was Aid in teaching the principles of occlusion for better diagnosis of the occlusion To provide simplified instrument for fabrication of prosthodontic restorations. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 94

95. Features Horizontal and lateral condylar inclinations are set by interocclusal records. (Horizontal 0 to 70 . Lateral 0 to 45 . ) The upper and lower member are attached by means of spring latch assembly . EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 95

96. Model 8300 : Retains all normal features and Has 3/4 th inch curved superior and medial wall. Immediate side shift from 0 to 4mm with progressive angle of 6 Model 8340 : Has been modified so that the casts are interchangeable through a special fixture called as “ accumount ” (precise special mounting plate) EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 96

97. Model 8800: This provides a additional 1/2inch space to mount the maxillary cast. Model 9000 : This provides a additional ½ inch space to mount the mandibular cast. Model 9800 : This provides ½ inch space for both maxillary and mandibular casts EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 97

98. DENAR ARTICULATORS In 1968 Dr Niles Guichet introduced the Denar 4A articulator. The current model is D5A. With denar reference plane locator anatomic points can be relocated precisely. An adjustable metal incisal table and a custom incisal platform are available. A digital recorder is also currently available. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 98

99. DENAR D5A Adjustment to the guidance surfaces are possible in all three planes of space. The side shift adjustment is in the medial wall and has provisions for both immediate and progressive settings. Precurrent insert is available for the medial wall. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 99

100. Denar mark II : Introduced in 1975 and developed to satisfy the undergraduate needs of education for a simpler arcon articulator. Has adjustable horizontal inclinations of 0 to 60 . Has immediate side shift of 0 to 4mm + progressive shift of 0 to 15mm Posterior wall shows a 25 degree inclination to allow laterotrusion of the working side . EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 100

101. USES OF DENAR MARK II For mounting of diagnostic casts Ear piece type can be converted to facia by removing the ear - pieces Duplication of all mandibular movements with significant dimension using average values Mark II allows interchange of relations with an error tolerance of “0.001 ” EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 101

102. THE OMNI ARTICULATOR When open fossa is attached, it resembles Mark II with a protrusive centric latch, hence it is also called Omni Mark When closed track fossa is attached, it is called Omni Track with a Centric Lock Screw The incisal pin/table variations observed are similar to Mark II Casts are nontransferable because field inspection gauge cannot be attached here EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 102

103. TMJ ARTICULATORS KENNETH H SWANSON(I965) Fully adjustable articulator Scribbing type of articulator Custom analog fossa are formed from intraoral sterographic tracings . The manufacturer calls the technique sterographix . EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 103

104. It has hinge locking hooks to hold the upper and lower frames together. The locking device will permit a hinge opening of 115 degree . There is a curved incisal guide pin with both a plastic and adjustable mechanical incisal table EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 104

105. The mechanical fossa allows condylar inclination adjustment from 10 to 55 degree and progressive shift adjustment of 0 to 35 degrees . A series of premade fossa analogs are also available . EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 105

106. PANADENT ARTICULATORS 1978 by Robert Lee Interchangeable preformed curved analog fossae for condylar pathway The progressive side shift varied from 5-7 degrees Lateral interocclusal records or the Axi -path recorder are utilized to determine the amount of side shift and the steepness of the horizontal condylar inclination. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 106

107. MOUNTING PROCEDURE & PROGRAMMING OF HANAU ARTICULATOR EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 107

108. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 108 ZEROING AN ARTICULATOR

109. Maxillary cast is attached to the articulator using the orientation jaw relation record . Procedure of transferring the orientation jaw relation to the articulator is called Face-bow transfer. MOUNTING PROCEDURE EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 109

110. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 110 FACE-BOW TRANSFER

111. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 111

112. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 112

113. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 113

114. Obtaining Protrusive Record for adjusting HORIZONTAL CONDYLAR GUIDANCE EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 114

115. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 115

116. Before teeth can be arranged, the articulator must be programmed or customized to the individual patient . The programmed articulator is vital to plan an occlusion which is both efficient and at the same time reduces stresses transmitted to the underlying tissues and temporomandibular joints EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 116 PROGRAMMING HANAU ARTICULATOR

117. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 117 Adjusting HORIZONTAL CONDYLAR GUIDANCE

118. Adjusting LATERAL CONDYLAR GUIDANCE ( Bennet angle ) EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 118

119. Adjusting INCISAL GUIDANCE EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 119

120. Custom Anterior guidance Acts as template for recording lingual curvature for both anterior teeth and incisal edge position EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 120

121. Aim : to determine the correlation between the angle of horizontal condylar inclination obtained on a semi‑adjustable articulator and the corresponding angle traced on a temporomandibular joint (TMJ) Result : The radiographic outline of the articular fossa and articular eminence provided an accurate representation of the equivalent outlines in 21 subjects with a mean difference in inclination of 5 more reliable, repeatable, ease of use with minimal drawbacks. Venkateshwaran R, Karthigeyan S, Manoharan PS, Konchada J, Ramaswamy M. A newer technique to program a semi adjustable articulator. Journal of pharmacy & bioallied sciences. 2014 Jul;6( Suppl 1):S135. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 121

122. Kwon OK et al. (2017) correlated sagittal condylar angle values obtained using radiographs and protrusive interocclusal records. Sagittal condylar angle is measured between Frankfort horizontal reference plane and mean curvature line.The interocclusal record is measured using alu wax. They concluded that panoramic values are 8-9 degrees high and CBCT values are 5-6 degrees high than protrusive interocclusal records, so the interocclusal values are very close to CBCT values than panoramic values because of overlapping of panoramic images. Kwon OK, Yang SW, Kim JH. Correlation between sagittal condylar guidance angles obtained using radiographic and protrusive occlusal record methods. The journal of advanced prosthodontics. 2017 Aug 1;9(4):302-7. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 122

123. Mawani D etal in 2019 conducted a comparative evaluation on condylar inclination in dentulous subjects i.e., both males and females to one determined by radiographs (CBCT and orthopantomograph ) and they stated that sagittal condylar guidance values are slightly higher in males compared to females and the values obtained from both the radiographs are comparable and correlated. OPG values are slightly higher than CBCT so CBCT can be a better radiographic technique for obtaining the condylar inclination values for programming the semi adjustable and fully adjustable articulators. Mawani D, Muddugangadhar BC, Das A, Mukhopadhyay A. Comparative evaluation of condylar inclination in dentulous subjects as determined by two radiographic methods: Orthopantomograph and cone-beam computed tomography–An in vivo study. The Journal of the Indian Prosthodontic Society. 2019 Apr;19(2):113. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 123

124. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 124 VIRTUAL ARTICULATOR The Virtual articulator can be defined as a software tool for improved clinical outcome based on virtual reality technology . There are two types of virtual articulators namely – - Completely adjustable - Mathematically simulated Koralakunte PR, Aljanakh M. The role of virtual articulator in prosthetic and restorative dentistry. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR. 2014 Jul;8(7):ZE25.

125. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 125 Completely Adjustable Virtual Articulator It records /reproduces exact movement paths of the mandible using an electronic jaw registration system called Jaw motion analyser (JMA). The digitised dental arches then moves along these movement paths that can be viewed in the computer screen The software calculates and visualises both static and kinematic occlusal collisions and is used in designing and correction of occlusal surfaces in computer aided designing (CAD) systems. Eg : Kordass and Gartner virtual articulators.

126. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 126 Mathematically Simulated Virtual Articulator It records/reproduces movements of the articulator based on mathematical simulation of articulator movements. These virtual articulators allow for additional settings such as curved bennett movement or other movements for adjustment in ideal settings. The main disadvantage is that it behaves as an average value articulator and it is not possible to obtain individualised movement paths of each patient. Eg : Stratos 200, Szentpetery’s virtual articulators

127. The development of 3D virtual articulator system ( Zebris Company, D- Isny ) requires three main unit devices namely: An input device in form of a 3D scanner. 3D virtual articulator software for prosthesis modeling with collision detection. An output device in the form of “rapid prototyping system” with stereoscopic inkjet technology. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 127

128. Plaster models of upper and lower parts of the jaw are scanned The real geometry of the mouth and its relation location are reconstructed in a CAD system using face bow. Articulator is selected depending on the required accuracy Cuspal interferences are automatically detected and removed during the excursive movements Dental prosthesis is milled 14-Apr-24 ARTICULATORS - part I - 89 EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 128

129. Advantages of Virtual Articulator Provides best quality of communication between the dentist and dental technician Simulating real patient specific data Analyses both static and dynamic occlusions Analyses ganathic and joint conditions Acts as a 3D navigator EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 129

130. Limitations of Virtual Articulator Cost effective as it requires a lot of digital devices. Knowledge about the CAD/CAM technology, mechanical articulators, designing and modeling of virtual articulators etc Technical skills regarding the interpretation of data recorded from scanners, sensors, minor adjustments, incorporating motion parameters etc EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 130

131. CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF ARTICULATORS EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 131

132. LUBRICATION Lubricate the working and bearing components with a thin film of sewing machine or high speed handpiece type oil. Wipe off excess oil to prevent accumulations of dust or grit. A thin coating of petroleum jelly must be applied to all articulator surfaces that will be contacted by the gypsum mounting material . EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 132

133. CLEANING Use a mild soap and water solution with the help of a brush to dissolve accumulations of wax and to wash away carborundum grit. Then air dry and lubricate. DO NOT use strong detergents, alkalies , gasoline or naphtha as cleaning agents. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 133

134. STORAGE When not in use ,store in clean, dry atmosphere -free of plaster and abrasive dust NOT near acids, alkalies or medicaments-Fumes may be of corrosive nature. DO NOT CONFINE THE ARTICULATOR in a instrument case EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 134

135. CONCLUSION Carl .O. Boucher summed up the articulator controversy by stating, “It must be recognized that the perso n operating the instrument is more important than the instrument. If dentists understand articulators and their deficiencies, they can compensate for their inherent inadequacies.” EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 135

136. Teledyne (Hanau) Industries: Illustrated Instruction Manual for the Hanau Wide Vue Arcon Articulator and Wide Vue II Articulator. Thomas C. J. “A Classification of Articulators”. J.Prosthet Dent 1993 ; 30 : 11-14. Walker PM: Discrepancies between arbitrary and true hinge axes, J Prosthet Dent 43:279-285, 1980. Winkler Sheldon: Essentials of complete Denture Prosthodontics, 2nd edition, U.S.A. JEA, 1996, p 142-182. Gross M, Nissan J, Ormianer Z et al: The effect of increasing occlusal vertical dimension on face height, Int J Prosthodont 15:353-357, 2002. Heartwell Cm Jr, Rahn AO : Textbook of complete dentures, 5th edition, Philadelphia, Lea and Febiger , 1993, p-59. J Prosthodont 2000 (9) ;1 : 51 Keshvad A, Winstanley RB: An appraisal of the literature on centric relation, part III , J Oral Rehabil 28:55-63, 2001. Morneburg TR, Proschel PA : Predicted incidence of occlusal errors in centric closing around arbitrary axes, Int J Prosthodont 15:358-364, 2002 EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 136 REFERENCES:

137. Noel D. Wilkie , Donald L. Mitchell : Articulators through the years. Part – I J Prosthet dent 1978 ; 39 :140-141. Rosenstiel s., Land M.F. And Fujimoto “Contemporary fixed prosthodontics”. 3rd Edition, Mosby, St. Louis, USA, 2001. Sharry J.J. : Complete denture Prosthodontics, 1st edition, New York, McGrew– Hiel , 1962, p-196. Shillingburg H. T . “Fundamentals of fixed prosthodontics”. 3rd Edition, Quintessence Publishing Co., Chicago, 1997. Beck Ho, Morrison We : Investigation of an Arcon Articulator, J Prosthet dent 1956 ; 6 : 359 – 372. Boucher’s : Prosthetic Treatment for edentulous patients, 11th edition, 1997, p.220. Weinberg, L. A. An evaluation of basic articulators and their concepts. Part II: Arbitrary, positional, semiadjustable articulators. J Prosthet Dent 13:645-663, 1963 Noel D.W., Donald L. Mitchell: Articulators through the years. Part – II J Prosthet dent 1978 ; 39 :168-181. Rihani A. “Classification of Articulators”. J.Prosthet Dent 1980 ; 43:344-47. EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140 137