ARTIFICIAL FEEDING: PRINCIPLES TECHNIQUES.pptx

Artificial or supplementary feeding is a crucial aspect of infant and neonatal care. It plays a pivotal role when breastfeeding is not feasible, safe, or sufficient for a baby's nutritional needs.
Definition: Artificial or supplementary feeding refers to the practice of providing nourishment to infants and new-borns through alternative means when breast feeding is not possible.

1. A rtificial/ Supplementary Feeding M r. Pradeep Abothu, PhD Scholar. Associate Professor Dept. of Child Health Nursing

2. Table of contents 01 06 02 03 Introduction Indications of AF Sources of AF Principles of AF 04 Risks of AF 05 Techniques: bottle, spoon, gavage

3. Introduction Artificial or supplementary feeding is a crucial aspect of infant and neonatal care. It plays a pivotal role when breastfeeding is not feasible, safe, or sufficient for a baby's nutritional needs. Definition: Artificial or supplementary feeding refers to the practice of providing nourishment to infants and new-borns through alternative means when breast feeding is not possible.

4. Indications of Artificial Feeding Maternal Health Issues like HIV/AIDS, prolonged illness, breast issues. Inadequate Breast Milk Production. Maternal Employment In cases of adoption, when the adoptive mother is not lactating. Unavailability or death of mother

5. Sources of Artificial Feeds Artificial feeds typically include cow's milk, buffalo's milk, or commercially available dried milk powders. Bovine Milk Sources: When breastfeeding is not possible, infants are often provided with artificial formulas. These formulas may include milk from bovine sources, such as cow's milk or buffalo's milk.

6. Dried Milk Formulas: Commercial dried milk formulas, whether iron fortified cow's milk-based or soy protein-based are suitable for infants who are not breastfed.

7. Humanization Cow's milk has a lower carbohydrate content, three times more protein & high sodium levels compared to human milk and may pose a strain on an infant's kidneys . To humanize cow’s milk for infant consumption, it is recommended to dilute cow's milk with water by using a ratio of 2:1. This means combining 100 ml of cow's milk with 50 ml of water and add 10 grams of sugar for sweetness.

8. P rinciples of Artificial Feeding Choose the right formula based on the baby's needs (e.g., cow’s milk-based, soy-based, or specialized formula). Always sterilize bottles, nipples, and utensils before use. Prepare formula using clean, boiled water and follow proper dilution guidelines. Hold the baby in a semi-upright position while feeding to prevent choking.

9. Feed at regular intervals (every 2–3 hours for newborns) and watch for hunger cues. Do not force-feed; stop when the baby shows signs of fullness. Serve formula at body temperature and discard any leftover milk after feeding. Store prepared formula in the refrigerator and use within 24 hours. Monitor the baby’s weight, growth, and any signs of formula intolerance. Start introducing solid foods around six months while continuing formula feeding.

10. Techniques of Artificial feed The different methods of artificial feeding, includes Bottle feeding Katori and spoon feeding Gavage or nasogastric feeding

11. BOTTLE FEEDING Bottle feeding is the practice of providing nourishment to an infant or baby using a bottle, typically filled with formula milk or expressed breast milk. Bottle feeding is a convenient method that can be carried out by any family member, reducing the chances of spillage. However, it's not always the recommended choice due to the higher risk of infection.

12. Guidelines: To ensure the safety and comfort of infants during bottle feeding, caregivers should follow these guidelines: Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water before handling the baby or preparing the bottle. Sterilize bottles & nipples, before use. If the formula needs warming, place the bottle under hot water for a few seconds and then shake it well. Avoid using a microwave.

13. Confirm that the formula flows from the bottle properly by checking if the nipple hole is an appropriate size for the baby's age. Hold the baby in arms or on lap during feeding. Ensure the infant is in a semi-upright position , and well-supported. Keep the bottle still and at an angle to ensure that the nipple's tip is filled with formula and not air. Burp the baby during natural breaks or at the end of feeding to release swallowed air from the stomach.

14. KATORI/SPOON FEEDING Katori or spoon feeding is a method of infant feeding in which a small bowl ( katori ) and a spoon are used to deliver expressed breast milk or formula, to an infant. This method is used for infants who may have difficulty with proper sucking. This technique minimizes the risk of infection.

15. Guidelines: Seat the baby in an upright position and use a cotton napkin around the neck to catch any spills. Take the necessary amount of expressed breast milk or formula and place it in the paladai (cup). Fill the palladia spoon with milk, leaving a small gap from the brim. Gently place the spoon at the baby's lips, directing the milk flow into the corner of the baby's mouth to prevent spillage.

16. The baby will naturally swallow the milk. For spoon feeding, pour a small amount of milk directly into the side of the baby's mouth. Continue this process until the feeding is complete. If the baby does not actively accept or swallow the feed, gently stimulate the baby to encourage feeding. After feeding, thoroughly wash the utensils with soap and water and sterilize them before the next feeding.

17. GAVAGE/NASOGASTRIC FEEDING Gavage feeding, also known as tube feeding, is a medical procedure that involves the delivery of liquid nutrition, medication, or fluids directly into the stomach or intestines through a thin tube inserted through the nose or mouth This method is commonly used when individuals, including infants, cannot orally consume food or liquids due to medical conditions, swallowing difficulties, or other factors.

18. For infants Measure the tube's length from the earlobe to the tip of the nose and then just below the tip of the breastbone. For older children, measure from the earlobe or bridge of the nose to just below the navel.

19. Elevate the baby's head slightly. Gently pass a wet (not lubricated) catheter through the nose or mouth, guiding it through the esophagus and into the stomach. Confirm the tube's position by aspirating gastric contents. Once verified, secure the tube in place using adhesive tape. Attach a 10- 50 ml syringe (without the plunger) to the tube and administer milk through it. After feeding, place the baby in a right lateral position

20. Risks of Artificial Feeding Artificially fed infants face a higher risk of diarrhoea, respiratory tract infections, malnutrition, and vitamin deficiencies. They are more prone to developing allergies and milk intolerance. The emotional bonding between mother and child may be less pronounced. Artificially fed babies may have an increased likelihood of becoming overweight. Some studies suggest that they may achieve lower scores on intelligence tests. Mothers who do not breastfeed may have an increased risk of anemia , breast cancer, and ovarian cancer.

21. Thanks! @PRADEEP.NUR