ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION.pptx

Artificial insemination is the deliberate introduction of sperm into a female's cervix or uterine cavity for the purpose of achieving a pregnancy through in vivo fertilization by means other than sexual intercourse or in vitro fertilisation.

1. ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION

2. Cont…

3. ADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION: There are several advantages by artificial insemination over natural mating or servicing. There is no need of maintenance of breeding bull for a herd; hence the cost of maintenance of breeding bull is saved. It prevents the spread of certain diseases and sterility due to genital diseases. Eg : contagious abortion, vibriosis. By regular examination of semen after collection and frequent checking on fertility make early detection of inferior males and better breeding efficiency is ensured. The progeny testing can be done at an early age. The semen of a desired sire can be used even after the death

4. Conti…. The semen collected can be taken to the urban areas or rural areas for insemination. It makes possible the mating of animals with great differences in size without injury to either of the animal. It is helpful to inseminate the animals that are refuse to stands or accept the male at the time of oestrus It helps in maintaining the accurate breeding and calving records. It increases the rate of conception. Old, heavy and injured sires can be used.

5. Disadvantages of AI: Requires well-trained personal and special equipment. Requires more time than natural services. Necessitates the knowledge of the structure and function of reproduction on the part of operator. Improper cleaning of instruments and in sanitary conditions may lead to lower fertility. If the bull is not properly tested, the spreading of genital diseases will be increased. Market for bulls will be reduced, while that for superior bull is increased May lead to inbreeding

6. SEMEN COLLECTION METHODS AND EVALUATION: Various methods of collection of semen have been devised from time to time There are three common methods: Use of artificial vagina By Electro-stimulation method. By massaging the ampullae of the duct. The ideal method of semen collection is use of artificial vagina which is safe for sire and the collector also.

7. SEMEN COLLECTION METHOD The cow or dummy is secured in service create. The artificial vagina assembled is held at 45° angle from the direction of penis, and the thrust is that angle. The artificial vagina is held with the left hand by a right-handed person; and when the bull mounts the cow, the sheath of the bull will be graphed by the operator, directing the gland penis into the artificial vagina, and then the bull gives a thrust to ejaculate.

8. SEMEN preperation Semen could be successfully frozen and stored for indefinite periods In 1949, British scientists discovered that addition of glycerol to the semen extender improved resistance of sperm to freezing Glycerol acts to remove water from the sperm cell prior to freezing and prevents the formation of cellular ice crystals

9. Semen extender

10. Methods of freezing and storing semen: Dry ice and alcohol (-100 degrees F) Fresh liquid semen can be successfully stored for 1 to 4 days at 40C Liquid nitrogen (-1780C) is preferred because there is no evidence of fertility deterioration with age Frozen semen can be stored indefinitely if proper temperature is maintained. Semen is usually stored in French-straw Artificial coloring is frequently added to semen extenders in order to distinguish one breed from another. Complete identification of the bull is required on each individual semen container.

11. ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION TECHNIQUES The technique of inseminating a cow is a skill requiring adequate knowledge, experience and patience Semen must be deposited within the tract of the cow at the best location and at the best time to obtain acceptable conception rates Early methods of AI involved deposition of the semen in the vagina, as would occur in natural mating. Those methods are not satisfactory. Fertility is low and greater numbers of sperm are required

12. INSEMINATION METHODS There-are different methods insemination in different species of animals Ex: speculum method vaginal method recto vaginal method.

13. RECTO VAGINAL METHOD In cattle the safe and best method of insemination is “Recto vaginal method”. Cow in heat is well controlled placing it in a Travis The semen straw after thawing (keeping the semen straw in warm water for a minute to convert the freeze semen into liquid and the sperms become motile) is loaded in a sterilized A.I. gun and is covered with a plastic sheath The inseminator will insert the gloved left hand into the rectum after applying the soft soap or other lubricant on the glove and back racked the animal, and the hand is further inserted and will catch hold the cervix through rectal wall The A.I gum loaded with semen straw is passed through the vulva to ‘vagina and cervix and semen is deposited by injecting the gun

14. Timing of Insemination for Maximum Conception A frequent question concerning AI is: What time during estrus should cows be bred for greatest chance of conception? Conception rate is lower when cows are bred prior to mid estrus or later than 6 hours after cessation of estrus (standing heat in this case). Maximal conception is obtained when cows are inseminated between mid estrus and the end of standing estrus, with good results up to 6 hours after estrus.

15. Practical recommendation for timing of insemination

16. Pregnancy diagnosis Methods for detecting early pregnancy in cattle are: Non-return to oestrus Rectal palpation Hormone measurements Early Pregnancy-associated Protein Ultrasound examination

17. Non-return to oestrus If oestrus signs are not observed around 3 weeks after service or insemination, the cow is generally assumed to be pregnant However, even if oestrus detection is good, not all of these cows will be pregnant Up to 7% of pregnant cows will show some signs of oestrus during pregnancy. Insemination of these animals may result in embryonic or foetal death.

18. Rectal palpation by rectal palpation has been performed for decades in cattle This of course involves an experienced person introducing their hand and arm into the rectum of the cow or heifer and physically feeling the fetus A skillful person can diagnose pregnancy as early as 40 days of gestation It is usually possible to determine the gestation length (or fetal age) Rectal palpation is quick, requires no specialized equipment, gives instant results, and is the most economical of all methods In addition, rectal palpation can help diagnose pathologic problems within the pelvis and abdomen. 

19. Rectal Palpation

20. Ultrasound examination In this method, an ultrasound probe is inserted into the rectum for examination of the uterus Ultrasound has the advantage of being able to determine sex of the fetus; Ultrasound also has the advantage of being able to detect pregnancy earlier than palpation as early as 28 days of gestation Determining the age of the fetus is more accurately performed with ultrasound Ultrasound requires expensive equipment and considerable skill, and is more expensive

21. Blood test Pregnant cattle have relatively high levels of certain pregnancy specific proteins, or PSPs, in their bloodstream Blood tests have been developed to detect this protein, and one is now offered at the SDSU ADRDL For this test, the PSP becomes elevated in cattle serum at approximately 28 days of gestation, and lasts until calving One disadvantage to these methods is that PSP levels also remain high for an extended period (60 days) after calving so a waiting period after calving must be employed in order to eliminate false positives due to this situation

22. Hormone measurements /Progesterone assay The progesterone secreted by a functional corpus luteum between 18 and 24 days after service or insemination is an early indication of pregnancy. It can be assayed in milk or plasma. Optimal assay time is 24 days after service or AI, this eliminates the possibility of long oestrus intervals which might result in false positives. Accuracy The sensitivity of the cow-side milk progesterone test was 93.1% in a study by Pieterse et al. (1989). However,specificity (i.e. accuracy in detecting non-pregnancy) was only 39.3%. A large number of non pregnant may thus be diagnosed as pregnant.

23. Common reasons for errors in hormone measurements pyometra/persistent corpus luteum short oestrus intervals cystic ovarian disease (luteal cysts) incorrect handling of the samples and tes

24. Early Pregnancy-associated Protein Recently available tests detect so called early conception factor (ECF) or pregnancy-associated glycoprotein in blood samples. They are reported to detect the pregnancy-associated glycoprotein within 48 hours of conception. Because of the high incidence of embryonic mortality this test should be treated solely as an indication of conception. Pregnancy should be confirmed later by rectal or ultrasound examination.

25. Comparison of early pregnancy diagnosis techniques Technique Early testing +ve diagnosis accuracy -ve diagnosis accuracy Rectal palpation + +++ ++++ Transrectal ultrasound ++ ++++ ++++ Milk progesterone +++ ++ +++ Early Conception Factor ++++ + +