Associated Biochemistry topic lipids.pptx

Topic about lipid

1. 1. Simple Lipids It includes esters of fatty acids and glycerol that are also termed neutral fats or triglycerides. They make up 98-99% of food and body fats and oil.  Its three classes are fatty acids, triglycerides, and waxes. Fatty Acids Fatty acids are the simplest form of lipids. They are a long chain of hydrocarbons (4 to 36 carbons long) with one carboxyl group . Fatty acids are amphipathic, having both polar and nonpolar ends. The alkyl chains present in their structure can either be saturated or unsaturated.

2. B. Triacylglycerols Triacylglycerols (or triglycerides) are tri-esters of fatty acids and glycerol.   They are nonpolar and hydrophobic in nature. They do not possess any charge and are termed neutral lipids. - Triacylglycerol contains varying lengths of fatty acids that can be saturated or unsaturated.          

3. C. Waxes Waxes are esters of long-chain fatty acids and long-chain alcohol. They are solid at room temperature and completely water-insoluble. They are formed by the esterification of long-chain fatty acids and monohydroxy alcohol of higher molecular weight.                  The hydrophobic nature of waxes allows them to function as water repellents on leaves of some plants, feathers, and cuticles of insects. They also serve as energy storage for planktons and higher aquatic animals.

4. 2. Compound Lipids The complex or compound lipids contain some other organic molecules in addition to fatty acids and glycerols. They include phospholipids, glycolipids, and lipoproteins. l.     

5. A. Phospholipids Phospholipids consist of four components: fatty acids, glycerol or sphingosine, phosphate, and alcohol attached to phosphate. It includes phosphoglycerides, ether glycerophospholipids, and sphingophospholipids. [4]   These molecules are amphipathic in nature.

6. In particular, the ethanolamine class ( PlsEtn ) is abundantly distributed in the nervous system, including the brain, and PlsEtn is thought to exhibit nerve protection as an endogenous antioxidant Plasmalogens   In eukaryotes, it is found almost exclusively in mitochondria or plastids, and is also present in energy-transducing membranes of prokaryotes  Cardiolipins Sphingomyelin is a type of sphingolipid found in animal cell membranes, especially in the membranous myelin sheath that surrounds some nerve cell axons. 

7. In the nervous system, gangliosides are  the main carriers for sialic acid  ( Schnaar , 2004), a terminal sugar that decorates the surface of cells and plays important roles in cell-cell and pathogen-cell interactions (Varki et al., 2015). Gangliosides are most abundant at the plasma membrane Gangliosides Cerebrosides are essential for  maintaining the integrity and stability of cell membranes, particularly in the nervous system . They form lipid rafts, specialized microdomains within the cell membrane, which play a role in membrane organization and signaling events. Cerebrosides

8. Chylomicrons   transport lipids absorbed from the intestine to adipose, cardiac, and skeletal muscle tissue , where their triglyceride components are hydrolyzed by the activity of the lipoprotein lipase, allowing the released free fatty acids to be absorbed by the tissues. VLDL stands for very-low-density lipoprotein. Your liver makes VLDL and releases it into your bloodstream. The VLDL particles mainly carry triglycerides, another type of fat, to your tissues.  LDL mainly carries cholesterol to your tissues instead of triglycerides Other types of lipoproteins, like LDLs and HDLs, also serve as buses. They each carry different amounts and forms of fat and protein