Astronomi-Outer-Space-Presentation_20250226_003456_0000.pptx

Examples of astronomical

1. EXAMPLES OF ASTRONOMICAL PHENOMENAS

2. WHAT ARE ASTRONOMICAL PHENOMENAS? Astronomical phenomena are events that occur in space, often involving celestial objects like planets, stars, and galaxies.

3. SUNRISE & SUNSET

4. Sunrise and sunset are daily phenomena that mark the beginning and end of daylight on Earth. They are caused by the Earth’s rotation on its axis.

5. GNOMON: A primitive version of a sundial What is a sundial? A sundial is a timekeeping device that uses the position of the Sun to tell the time of day. It’s one of the oldest and most ingenious ways humans have devised to measure the passage of time.

6. -So, they used something called a “gnomon”. It’s a primitive sundial that allowed them to see the sun’s position based on the shadow it cast on the ground. -According to the ancient astronomers, they always observed that the sun always rises from the east and then sets in the west.

7. SOLSTICE: An event either of the two times in the year, when the sun reaches its highest or lowest point in the sky at noon, marked by the longest and shortest days. -Solstice happens every June 21st and December 21st.

8. -the path of our sun during the June 21st solstice. That’s the red line, and the December 21st, that’s the green line. -During the summer solstice, we have longer daylight hours because the sun’s path is longer. But during the winter solstice, we have shorter daylight hours because the sun’s path is shorter.

9. SUMMER SOLSTICE: This occurs around June 20th or 21st in the Northern Hemisphere. It’s when the Sun is at its highest point in the sky, resulting in the longest day and shortest night. In the Southern Hemisphere, it’s the opposite – the shortest day and longest night.

10. WINTER SOLSTICE: This happens around December 21st or 22nd in the Northern Hemisphere. The Sun is at its lowest point, leading to the shortest day and longest night. In the Southern Hemisphere, it’s the longest day and shortest night.

11. MOON PHASES

12. MOON PHASES -Another phenomenon is the moon phases, the changing of the moon’s faces. So, the moon is also called a satellite, and it takes about 27 days, 7 hours, and 43 minutes to complete one full orbit around the Earth. It takes about 29.5 days to complete one cycle of changing of phases from full moon to another full moon. - We see different phases of the moon because of the angle at which we view the lit side. The moon orbits the Earth, so the angle changes as it moves.

13. - The phases of the moon, in order, are: - New Moon - Waxing Crescent - First Quarter - Waxing Gibbous - Full Moon - Waning Gibbous - Third Quarter - Waning Crescent

14. -So, we have what’s called gibbous, and crescent. Gibbous is the larger part that receives more sunlight. The crescent, on the other hand, has only a small part of the moon illuminated by sunlight. -waxing gibbous, where the illuminated part of the moon gets bigger, and waning gibbous, where the illuminated part gets smaller. GIBOUS AND CRESCENT

15. ECLIPSES

16. ECLIPSE -An astronomical phenomenon that occurs when one celestial body such as a moon or planet moves into the shadow of another celestial body.

17. -So, what we need to remember about eclipses is the position of the sun, the moon, and the Earth. In this visual, we can see that the moon is in the middle and it’s casting a shadow on the Earth. SOLAR ECLIPSE

18. - Occurs when the Moon passes between the Sun and Earth, and the Moon -fully or partially blocks the Sunlight.

19. -The next eclipse is the lunar eclipse. In a lunar eclipse, if you look at the position of our three celestial bodies, we have the sun, the Earth, and the moon. The Earth is in the middle, and it’s blocking the sunlight, casting a shadow on the moon. LUNAR ECLIPSE

20. -A lunar eclipse occurs when the moon passes into the shadow of the Earth, and it involves a full moon. It can be a partial lunar eclipse or a total lunar eclipse. It can also last for about an hour. If you look at this visual, the moon is experiencing the umbra, the darker shadow on the moon, and the penumbra.

21. -Baily’s Beads, caused by sunlight passing through craters on the Moon’s edge, appear as bright spots. -Totality (the time when the Sun is fully blocked) is brief, lasting only 7-8 minutes.

22. -As totality ends, the diamond ring effect happens when a single spot of the Sun is visible, surrounded by a circle of light. -If the Moon is at the far end of its orbit and appears smaller than the Sun, an annular eclipse occurs, leaving a ring of light around the Moon

23. CONSTELLATIONS

24. What are constellations? - Stars are connected to create shapes of people, animals, and mythological beings. - The word “mythological” comes from myths, made-up stories. - Early astronomers (people who study stars) noticed and named these star patterns. -Stimulated storytelling and myths -Served as navigational aids CONSTELLATIONS

25. What is the celestial sphere? The Earth is surrounded by a celestial sphere. This celestial sphere has what’s called a celestial equator, and a North celestial pole. At the North celestial pole, we see Polaris. It’s what we know as the North Star.

26. - There are billions of stars in the universe, but only about 4,500 are visible to the naked eye. - Even though stars die, their light continues traveling through space. - When we see a constellation, we may be seeing the light of a star that has long since died. WHY DO WE SEE CONSTELLATIONS

27. - Hercules: A large constellation named after a Greek hero. - Orion: A constellation that is easy to see, featuring Orion’s Belt, three stars in a line. - Pegasus: A constellation that looks like a winged horse. - Draco: A constellation that looks like a large snake. - Aquarius: A constellation that represents a water carrier. - Ursa Major (Great Bear): This constellation includes the Big Dipper, which is an asterism, a smaller group of stars within a constellation. - Ursa Minor (Little Bear): Includes the Little Dipper. SOME COMMONLY KNOWN CONSTELLATIONS

28. CONSTELLATIONS AND THE ZODIAC - The zodiac is a group of 12 constellations that represent the months of the year. - Mentions the zodiac as a circle with 12 segments, each representing a constellation and a sign. - Your birthday determines your zodiac sign.

29. - Aries (March 21 – April 19): Fire sign known for energy, competitiveness, independence, boldness, and leadership. - Taurus (April 20 – May 20): Earth sign valuing security, stability, comfort, determination, practicality, and appreciation for finer things. - Gemini (May 21 – June 20): Air sign represented by twins, known for adaptability, curiosity, communication skills, intellectual stimulation, and enjoying variety. - Cancer (June 21 – July 22): Water sign valued for emotion, sensitivity, family, home, security, nurturing, and caring. - Leo (July 23 – August 22): Fire sign known for fiery leadership, love of attention, generosity, confidence, and passion. - Virgo (August 23 – September 22): Earth sign valued for analytical thinking, attention to detail, helpfulness, and sometimes perfectionism.

30. - Libra (September 23 – October 22): Air sign valuing balance, harmony, beauty, diplomacy, charm, and artistry. - Scorpio (October 23 – November 21): Water sign known for passion, mystery, resourcefulness, intuition, and insight. - Sagittarius (November 22 – December 21): Fire sign known for adventure, optimism, enthusiasm, exploration, philosophical thinking, and independence. - Capricorn (December 22 – January 19): Earth sign valued for discipline, responsibility, practicality, patience, persistence, and goal-oriented nature. - Aquarius (January 20 – February 18): Air sign known for independence, originality, humanitarianism, forward-thinking, and unconventional approaches. - Pisces (February 19 – March 20): Water sign valued for intuition, creativity, compassion, artistry, and sensitivity.

31. METEOR SHOWER

32. METEOR SHOWER Meteor showers happen when Earth travels through the dusty debris trail left by a comet. As the Earth orbits the Sun, it sometimes crosses these trails. When this happens, tiny pieces of rock and ice (meteoroids) in the trail enter Earth’s atmosphere at high speed. Friction with the air causes these meteoroids to burn up, creating the bright streaks of light we see as meteors, or “shooting stars.” Because Earth is passing through a concentrated stream of debris, many meteors enter the atmosphere, appearing to originate from a single point in the sky called the radiant point. This creates the “shower” effect. So, in short, comets leave debris, Earth runs into it, and we get a meteor shower.

33. THE SPACE ROCKS Meteoroids: - What they are: Small chunks of rock or metal in space (“space pebbles” to “space boulders”). - Size: Tiny dust grains to objects < 1 meter in diameter. - Location: Throughout the solar system. - Composition: Primarily rock and metal: - Stony: Mostly silicate (rocky) material. - Iron: Primarily iron and nickel alloys. - Stony-Iron: Mixture of stony and iron materials.

34. Meteors: - What they are: The streak of light created when a meteoroid enters Earth’s atmosphere and burns up (“shooting star”). - Appearance: Brief flash of light. - Cause: Atmospheric friction heats the meteoroid, causing it to glow and vaporize. - Composition: Same as the original meteoroid (stony, iron, or stony-iron). The light is from the superheating of these materials.

35. Meteorites: - What they are: Meteoroids that survive atmospheric entry and land on Earth. - Finding them: Found after falling to Earth. - Composition: Same as the original meteoroid (stony, iron, or stony-iron). - Types: Classified by composition (stony, iron, stony-iron).

36. M E T E O R I TES

37. Asteroids: - What they are: Larger rocky bodies orbiting the Sun. - Size: > 1 meter in diameter but smaller than planets. - Location: Mostly in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. - Composition: Primarily rock and metal: - C-type (Carbonaceous): Rich in carbon and organic compounds. - S-type (Stony): Mostly silicate materials. - M-type (Metallic): Primarily iron and nickel.

38. A S T E R OIDS

39. Comets are small icy dirtballs that orbit the Sun; comets are made of ice and dust . are made of rock

40. C O M E T S

41. MOTION OF HEAVENLY BODIES

42. MOTION OF HEAVENLY BODIES -The motion of heavenly bodies, also known as celestial bodies, refers to the movement of objects in space, such as stars, planets, moons, asteroids, and comets. These movements are governed by the laws of physics, primarily gravity. -the motion of heavenly bodies is a beautiful dance orchestrated by gravity. It’s the force that shapes the universe on a large scale, dictating the movements of everything from planets and stars to entire galaxies.

43. Diurnal Motion - Simplified: Daily motion caused by Earth’s rotation. - Star Trails: The paths stars appear to follow, forming arcs centered on the celestial poles, depend on the observer’s location (North Pole, Equator, Northern Latitude).

44. Annual Motion - Sun’s Position: The Earth’s revolution causes the Sun’s apparent position against the constellations to change throughout the year (e.g., Sun in Pisces in March, Gemini in June).

45. Precession of the Equinoxes - Definition: The slow, conical movement of Earth’s axis of rotation around another axis. - Timeframe: A complete cycle of precession takes approximately 26,000 years. - North Star: Due to precession, the North Star changes over time (e.g., Thuban for ancient Egyptians, Polaris currently, Vega in the future).

46. - Visual: Earth’s axis (tilt) is rotating on a larger axis, like a spinning top.

47. PLANETS DISCOVERED BEFORE TELESCOPE - Planets: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn were discovered before the invention of the telescope. - Mercury: Closest to the Sun, smallest, and fastest planet, with an 88-day orbital period. - Venus: Known as “Earth’s twin” and “Evening Star,” rotating backward (clockwise). - Mars: Referred to as the “Red Planet.”

48. -Jupiter: A gas giant (primarily hydrogen and helium), shrouded in clouds, with a volume 1300 times Earth’s and a mass 300 times Earth’s. - Saturn: Characterized by its prominent rings, composed of numerous small bodies, and having 23 moons. Its diameter is nearly 10 times Earth’s, and its mass is nearly 100 times Earth’s. Like Jupiter, Saturn is mostly hydrogen and helium.

49. MERCURY JUPITER MARS VENUS SATURN

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