Atomic absorption anf flame emission spectrophotometry

Atomic absorption and flame emission spectrophotometry presented by Mr. Akash vikal - (M pharm pharmaceutics)
Isf college of pharmacy, moga, punjab

1. ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY FLAME EMISSION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY Presented by :- Mr. Akash vikal Presented to :- Dr. Pooja chawla M.Pharm 1 st year Department :- Pharmaceutics ISF COLLEGE OF PHARMACY 11/22/2022 1 ISF COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

2. CONTENTS ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY FLAME EMISSION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY 11/22/2022 2 ISF COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

3. ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY is an analyltical technique that measures the concentration of elements. It makes use of the absorption of light by these elements in order to measure their concentration. Atomic absorption is a very common technique for detecting metals and metalloids in environmental samples like aluminium Cu, lead, Li, Mg, Zn etc. 11/22/2022 3 ISF COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

4. BASIC PRINCIPLE Atomic absorption in which the element is not excited in the flame , but is merely dissociated from its chemical bond & placed in an unexcited (ground) state. Thus the ground state atoms capable of absorbing radiation In the flame, resulting in decrease in intensity of the beam from the lamp, The analytical concentration is determined from the amount of absorption. 11/22/2022 4 ISF COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

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7. TYPES OF BURNER There are mainly two types of burners which are generally used and they are as follows. Total consumption burner Premix/ laminar flow burner 11/22/2022 7 ISF COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

8. TOTAL CONSUMPTION BURNER In this burner fuel and oxidant are hydrogen and oxygen gases. Sample solution is aspirated through a capillary by high pressure of fuel and oxidant and burnt at the tip of the burner. Entire sample is consumed 11/22/2022 8 ISF COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

9. Laminar/premix flow burner In this type of burner aspirated sample fuel and oxidant are thoroughly mixed before reaching the burner opening and then entering the flame. There is high loss of sample (95%) as large droplets which are drained out. 11/22/2022 9 ISF COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

10. M onochromator The monochromator in atomic absorption spectrophotometry is placed between flame and detector. Used to select the specific wavelength of light which is absorbed by the sample, and to exclude other wavelengths. To allow the single line in the spectrum of analyte. To minimize the emission from the flame itself because detector detects photons over a wide wavelength range. 11/22/2022 10 ISF COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

11. Detector and Read out Device The light selected by the monochromator is directed onto a detector that is typically a photomultiplier tube whose function is to convert the light signal into an electrical signal proportional to the light intensity. The signal could be displayed for readout, or further fed into a data station for printout by the requested format. 11/22/2022 11 ISF COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

12. ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY APPLICATIONS There are many applications for atomic absorption: Clinical analysis (blood samples: whole blood, plasma, serum; Ca, Mg, Li, Na, K, Fe). Environment analysis: Monitoring our environment- eg : finding out the levels of various elements in rivers, sea water, drinking water, air, and petrol. Mining: by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, the amount of metals such as gold in rocks can be determined to see whether it is worth mining the rocks to extract the gold. 11/22/2022 12 ISF COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

13. ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY APPLICATIONS Trace elements in food analysis. Trace element analysis of cosmetics. Trace element analysis of hair. Analysis of additives in lubricating oils and greases (Ba, Ca, Na, Li, Zn, Mg). Analysis of soils. 11/22/2022 13 ISF COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

14. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ATOMIC ABSORPTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Inexpensive Easy to use High precision Only solution can be used Large samples are needed(1-2 ml) Less sensitive than graphic furnaces standards are not to achieve due to :- flame instability Variation in composition and temperature. 11/22/2022 14 ISF COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

15. FLAME EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY Flame emission spectroscopy is also an analytical technique that is used to measure the concentrations of elements in samples. PRINCIPLE : Atoms of some metals, when given sufficient heat energy(hot flame) become excited and reemit this energy at wavelengths characteristics of the element. The intensity of radiant energy of characteristic wavelength produced by the atoms in the flame is directly proportional to the number of atoms excited in the flame, which in turn is directly proportional to the concentration of the alkali metal in the sample. 11/22/2022 15 ISF COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

16. The excited atoms decay back to lower levels by emitting light. Emissions are passed through monochromator or filters prior to detection by photomultiplier tubes. Alkali metals are easy to excite by flame. Li–red emission. Na-yellow emission. K-red violet emission. Rubidium-red emission. Mg-blue emission. Conti… 11/22/2022 16 ISF COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

17. Conti… The instrumentation of flame emission spectroscopy is the same as that of atomic absorption, but without the presence of a radiation source. In flame emission, the sample is atomized and the analyte atoms are excited to highest energy levels, all in the atomizer. 11/22/2022 17 ISF COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

18. Conti…. The source of energy in Atomic Emission could be a flame like the one used in atomic absorption, or an inductively coupled plasma (ICP). The flame (1700-3150 C) is most useful for elements with relatively low excitation energies like sodium, potassium and calcium. The ICP (6000-8000 C) has a very high temperature and is useful for elements of high excitation energies. 11/22/2022 18 ISF COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

19. APPLICATION OF FLAME EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY Electrons of alkali metals like sodium, potassium, lithium become easily excited hence preferentially analyzed by flame photometry. Used in clinical laboratory concentrations of sodium and potassium in biological fluids like serum, urine and sweat. Serum lithium levels- therapeutics monitoring. 11/22/2022 19 ISF COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

20. COMPARISON BETWEEN ATOMIC ABSORPTION AND EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY ABSORPTION EMISSION Measure trace metal concentrations in complex matrices. Atomic absorption depends upon the number of ground state atoms. Measure trace metal concentrations in complex matrices. Atomic emission depends upon the number of excited atoms. 11/22/2022 20 ISF COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

21. COMPARISON BETWEEN ATOMIC ABSORPTION AND FLAME EMISSION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY FLAME EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY It measures the radiation absorbed by the ground state atoms. Presence of a light source(HCL-Hollow Cathode Lamp). The temperature in the atomizer is adjusted to atomize the analyze atoms in the ground state only. It measure the radiation emitted by the excited atoms. Absence of the light source. The temperature in the atomizer is big enough to atomize the analyte atoms and excite them to a higher energy level. 11/22/2022 21 ISF COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

22. THANKYOU 11/22/2022 22 ISF COLLEGE OF PHARMACY