Atropa balladona

Atropa balladona

1. Datura stramonium

2. Scientific Classification Kingdom: planteae Family Solanales Sub family Solanoideae Tribe Datureae Genus Datura Species stramonium Full name Datura stramonium

3. Habitat: Datura stramonium  is native to North America but was spread to the Old World early.   It grows wild in all the world's warm and moderate regions, where it is found along roadsides and it is found as a weed on wastelands and in garbage dumps . The seed is thought to be carried by birds and spread in their droppings. Its seeds can lie dormant underground for years and germinate when the soil is disturbed.  

4. Description of plant Like a bush up to 2 to 5 feet (60–150 cm) tall . The stem is stout, erect, leafy, smooth, and pale yellow-green. The stem forks off repeatedly into branches, and at each fork forms a leaf and a single, erect flower The   root is long, thick, fibrous and white.

5. Leaves The leaves are approximately 3 to 8 inches long smooth , toothed ,  soft, irregularly undulate. The upper surface of the leaves is a darker green, and the bottom is a light green .The leaves have a bitter and nauseatin taste remains even after the leaves have been dried .

6. Description of flower Datura stramonium  generally flowers throughout the summer. The fragrant flowers are trumpet-shaped, white to creamy or violet, (6–9  cm) long, and grow on short stems from either the   axils of the leaves or the places where the branches fork. The   calyx  is long and tubular, swollen at the bottom, and sharply angled, surmounted by five sharp teeth. The  corolla , which is folded and only partially open, is white, funnel-shaped, and has prominent ribs. The flowers open at night, emitting a pleasant fragrance.

7. Description of Fruit The egg-shaped seed capsule is 1 to 3 inches in diameter and either covered with spines or bald. At maturity it splits into four chambers, each with dozens of small black seeds .

8. Active ingredients The major alkaloids are Atropine, hyoscyamine ,scopolamine 64minor tropane alkaloids have been identified in  Datura  species . T igloidin , aposcopolamine , apoatropin , hyoscyamine N-oxide and scopolamine N-oxide17-20. ditigloyloxytropane and 7-hydroxyhyoscyamine are reported for the first time in this species

9. Commercial and medicinal uses Datura is extremely effective treatment for asthma  symptoms as an  analges The Chinese also used it as   anaesthesia  during surgery used to treat Parkinson's disease  motion sickness to inhibit  parasympathetic stimulation of the urinary tract, respiratory tract, GI tract,  heart and  eye . .   Acaricidal , repellent and oviposition deterrent properties  Antimicrobial Activity Antiinflamatory activity Larvicidal and mosquito repellent activities . Pesticide toxicity

10. A tropine Normal dose > 10  mg atropine. Atropine Sulfate Injection, USP keep the heart beat  normal   Before anaesthesia to decrease mucus secretions Lomotil tablets (atropine sulfate, diphenoxylate hydrochloride) Minims Atropine Sulphate 1%, Eye drops solution  atropine sulfate Dilating the pupil to aid examination of the inside of the eyebal , eg the fundus and retina.

11. Hyoscyamine Dose 0.125mg to 0.375 mg Examples: Hyoscyamine Sulfate Tablet Levsin ® Anaspaz   Cystospaz Donnamar

12. Scopolamine:   Dose 2–4   mg Transderm Scōp ®