Attitutde lec nutritionhhhh 5th sem.pptx

hhhh

1. Attitutde

2. Drivers – outside of scope A number of articles reported additional findings regarding drivers of eating behaviour that were out of scope of this specific review. The search terms for this review were not reflective of these factors, and the following should not be considered to be a comprehensive account of the role of these specific factors in driving eating behaviour . Dedicated, systematic searching would be required to provide accurate and comprehensive insight in the role of these factors as drivers of food related behaviour . Nonetheless, the following environmental factors were identified as influences in four articles: • heavy promotion, marketing and media, and widespread presence of unhealthy foods were barriers to healthy eating33, 37, 53; • impact of mass media influence on healthy eating in older adults 39; • taxes and subsidies could improve health (decrease soft drink consumption, and increase fruit an

3. Method For this rapid review a ‘review of reviews’ approach was adopted whereby, articles that were any type of review (systematic, meta-analysis, scoping, rapid, umbrella, and narrative) were in scope for inclusion, and individual studies were not. A systematic search of two databases was conducted for reviews published in the last 5 years. This was then supplemented with a search of grey literature and a targeted search for key reviews published in the last 10 years. A total of 2,819 articles were identified through the systematic search (after duplicates were removed), with an additional 5 identified from the grey literature search, and 24 from the targeted search. Using Covidence , two rounds of title and abstract screening were conducted resulting in 42 articles for full text review. Full texts were reviewed while simultaneously extracting data. During this process, a further 13 articles were removed, resulting in the 29 articles included in this review.

4. Findings This rapid review draws on 29 review articles, including systematic, scoping, narrative, and umbrella reviews, and meta-analyses. Searches were conducted specifically for reviews including Western cultures in order to increase relevance to an Australian context. As such, most studies within included articles were largely from Western countries. Of the included articles, 10 related to adults and/or general population groups (including any mix of children, adolescents, adults, older adults), 5 articles related specifically to older adults, and 14 articles related specifically to children and/or adolescents. Article details are presented in Appendix A, and findings from each article relevant to this review are summarised in Appendix B. The 29 included articles identified a range of factors which can influence eating behaviours , as summarised in Figure 2. Broadly, the factors were grouped into sociocultural drivers (e.g., social and cultural norms, and access and availability of foods), knowledge and socio-cognitive drivers (e.g., self-perceptions, attitudes, and motivations), and a range of other related individual-level drivers (e.g., preferences and habits). Note. Environmental drivers and food insecurity were out of scope for this review. Figure 2. Summary of factors which influence eating behaviour EATING BEHAVIOUR Environmental (out of scope) SOCIO-COGNITIVE •Knowledge & skills •Self-efficacy & percieved behavioural control •Attitudes & beliefs •Intention •Motivation •Autonomy & independence •Emotions & stress SOCIOCULTURAL •Social facilitation •Social & cultural norms •Availability & access •Convenience & affordability •Socioeconomic environment OTHER •Physiological drivers & preferences •Habits & past

5. Cultural norms Cultural-level normative influences were found to be influential across adult and general populations,29, 34, 36, 37 and one adolescent article found cultural norms to be associated with eating behaviours during the transition from adolescence to young adulthood. 53 The healthiness of traditional meals and eating practices, for example, was found to have the potential to facilitate or impede healthy diets, 37 and acculturation (particularly to Western diets) was found to potentially result in poorer diets. 37 Respecting shared norms and practices was found to be a driver of eating pleasure29 and there was evidence of a modest association

6. The eating context At a social level, several facets of the eating experience were found to influence eating behaviours in adult and general population groups. 35 For example, there may be specific expectations around consumption of certain foods on special occasions (e.g., unhealthy foods), and/or in specific settings (e.g., going out for dinner). 33, 37 Social inclusion was specifically found to be dependent on adherence to such socially acceptable ways of eating. 37 This article indicated that healthier foods, such as fruits and vegetables, tended to have low sociocultural acceptability which, when coupled with social stigmatisation and cultural norms opposing healthy eating behaviours , could act as a barrier to healthy eating. 37 Conversely, unhealthy products including snacks and alcoholic beverages were considered more socially acceptable, and thus encouraged consumption of such unhealthy products. 37 There were, however, other aspects of eating-related behaviours and activities that were found to have potentially positive influences on healthier consumption behaviours among adult and general population groups. For example, social experiences around food preparation (e.g., preparing foods with

7. The influence of social support and encouragement around eating behaviours was similarly noted in some child and adolescent articles.45, 50 These articles emphasised the direct influence of friends and peers, such as through peer pressure to consume or avoid certain foods. 45 One article indicated friends had potentially facilitating effects on healthy consumption behaviours when they encouraged healthy eating, although one study in this article found no relationship between friends’ support for healthy eating and eating behaviours . 50 Conversely, children were more likely to consume unhealthy foods, especially in shared eating situations, when friends and/or peers were considered to support unhealthy eating and/or pressure the consumption of unhealthy foods. 45, 50 One article indicated that some children considered friends (and sometimes siblings) to be the main social barrier towards healthy eating, as those friends were not supportive of fruit and vegetable consumption, although one study in the article did find that girls perceived friends as facilitators and encouragers of healthy consumption, such as through the sharing of healthy snacks. 50 The influence of social support also extended to older adults. 40-42 Articles found a lack of community-level support to be a barrier to healthy eating behaviours , being a