Auditory system psychology

auditory system ,psychology

1. 1) Harmain Akhther (499) 2) Tayyaba Yousaf (485) 3) Asma Maqsood (510)

2. “Auditory System”

3. “SENSATION” “A process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energy.”

4. “Auditory System” “The   auditory system  is a body  system  that is responsible for the sense of hearing.”

5. “Subsystem”

6. “Ear”

7. “Outer ear” E xternal portion of the ear. It consist of  pinna, or auricle, and the ear canal. The outer ear's main task is to gather sound energy and amplify sound pressure.

8. “Middle ear” It  begins with the eardrum at the end of the ear canal . I t has three tiny bones called ossicles . It acts as a gatekeeper protecting it from damage by loud sound.

9. “Inner ear” The inner ear contains the sensory organs for hearing and balance . The cochlea is a bony structure shaped like a snail and filled with fluids. The function of the cochlea is to transform mechanical sound waves into electrical or neural signals for use in the brain.

10. “The Process of Hearing” Hearing begins with pressure waves hitting the auditory canal and ends when the brain perceives sounds. waves travel along the auditory canal until they reach the ear drum which vibrates in response. The vibrations of the ear drum cause oscillations in the ossicles , the last of which  sets  the fluid in the cochlea in motion . The cochlea separates sounds according to their place on the frequency spectrum .

11. “The Process of Hearing” Hair cells in the cochlea perform the transduction of these sound waves into  afferent  electrical impulses. Auditory nerve fibers connected to the hair cells form the spiral ganglion, which transmits the electrical signals along the auditory nerve and eventually on to the  brain stem. The brain responds to these separate frequencies and composes a complete sound from them.

12. “Sound Localization” A bility to judge or estimate where a sound originates, called sound localization. Humans are able to hear a wide variety of sound frequencies, from approximately 20 to 20,000 Hz. Since each ear lies on an opposite side of the head, a sound reaches the closest ear first, and the sound's amplitude will be in that ear.

13. “PERCEIVING PITCH ” Pitch refers to how high or low a sound is.

14. “PERCEIVING PITCH ” There are three primary theories about how the brain receives information about pitch.

15. “Placed Theory” In this theory, the pitch a person hears depends on where the hair cells that are stimulated are located on the organ of Corti .

16. “Frequency Theory” This theory states that pitch is, related to how fast the basilar membrane vibrates. The faster this membrane vibrates,the higher the pitch; the slower it vibrates, the lower the pitch.

17. “Volley principle” This principle account for pitches from about 400 Hz up to about 4000. In this explanation, groups of auditory neurons take turns firing in a process called volleying .

18. “HEARING IMPAIRMENT” “ Any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological structure or function.”

19. “ C auses of Hearing Impairment”

20. “Diseases”

21. “Aging”

22. “Types of Hearing Impairment”

23. “Conductive Hearing Impairment ” Conduction hearing impairment means that sound vibrations cannot be passed from the eardrum to the cochlea . These type of deafness can be from birth, or may be caused by the damage to ear from injury or infection. Conductive hearing impairment can be diagnosed.

24. “Nerve Hearing Impairment ” In nerve hearing impairment, the problem lies either in the inner ear or in the auditory pathways and cortical areas of the brain . 95% hearing loss can be caused in nerve hearing impairment. Nerve hearing impairment can't be Diagnosed.

25. “Symptoms”

26. “Psychological effects”

27. “Conclusion” The ear responds to pressure waves in the air gathered by the outer ear and directed down the auditory canal to the tympanic membrane or eardrum. Movements of the eardrum are amplified by a chain of three tiny bones in the middle ear: the ossicles . The cochlea of the inner ear is the part of the auditory system responsible for transduction (conversion of energy from one form to another). The cochlea converts movements of the oval window into standing waves along the cochlear membranes. Hair-like cells along the membranes respond to the movement. They produce nerve impulses that are sent to the brain along the auditory nerve. Normal adults hear frequencies from about 20-20,000 Hz (or, with advancing age, about 50-15,000 Hz).