Autoimmunity is the system of immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells, tissues and other normal body constituents

Autoimmunity, also known as self-immunity, is a condition where the body's immune system attacks its own healthy tissues. This occurs when the body's immune system malfunctions and mistakes its own cells as foreign

1. AUTOIMMUNITY PRESENTEBY: AYUSHI SHARMA

2. AUTOIMMUNITY Autoimmunity is the failure of an organism in recognizing its own constituent parts as self , thus leading to an immune response against its own cells and tissues .   Autoimmune diseases are the consequence of an inappropriate immune response directed to self-antigens of healthy tissues. Any disease that results from such an aberrant immune response is termed as auto immune diseases.

3. CAUSES The cause of autoimmune diseases is unknown. If you have a family member with an autoimmune disease, you may be more susceptible to developing one. bacteria or virus drugs chemical irritants environmental irritants

4. TYPES Autoimmune diseases are of two types: Organ specific autoimmune diseases. 2. Systemic autoimmune diseases.

5. ORGAN SPECIFIC AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES An organ-specific disease is one in which an immune response is directed toward antigens in a single  organ or gland. Examples : Autoimmune anaemias Good pasteur’s syndrome Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus Grave’s disease Myasthenia gravis.

6. SYSTEMIC AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES A systemic autoimmune disease is that in which the targeted antigens are located throughout the body. Examples: Systemic lupus erythematosus Multiple sclerosis Rheumatoid arthritis.

7. AUTOIMMUNE ANAEMIAS Autoimmune anaemias include: 1. Pernicious anaemia 2. Hemolytic anaemia 3.Drug-induced hemolytic anaemia.

8. HEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA occurs when auto- antibodies are directed against the antigens of person's own red blood cells (RBCs). Triggers complement mediated lysis or antibody mediated opsonization and phagocytosis of the red blood cells.

9. CAUSES  blood disorders toxins infection by various bacteria and viruses

10. SYMPTOMS paleness of the skin fatigue fever confusion lightheadedness dizziness weakness/inability to do physical activity

11. TREATMENT blood transfusion intravenous immune globulin corticosteroid medication surgery

12. PERNICIOUS ANAEMIA Develops due to production of auto-antibodies against intrinsic factor which is a membrane bound intestinal protein on gastric parietal cells. Intrinsic factor facilitates uptake of vitamin B12 from small intestine which is necessary for hematopoiesis. Binding of auto-antibody to intrinsic factor mediated absorption of vitamin B12 resulting in reduction of number of mature red blood cells below normal.

13. CAUSES long-term use of certain medications and antibiotics (methotrexate, azathioprine, etc.) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) folate deficiency caused by poor intake or malabsorption

14. SYMPTOMS weakness headaches chest pain weight loss unsteady gait Spasticity (stiffness and tightness in the muscles) peripheral neuropathy (damage to the nerves in your arms and legs) progressive lesions of the spinal cord memory loss

15. TREATMENT Vitamin B-12 injections that are slowly decreased over time Blood test for iron deficiency followed by regular blood tests CBC tests to measure serum cobalamin and ferritin levels Blood tests to monitor replacement treatments

16. GOOD PASTEUR’S SYNDROME   occurs when the body’s immune system mistakenly produce auto-antibodies against a protein called collagen in the alveoli of the lungs and the filtering units (glomeruli) of the kidney. Damage to glomerular and alveolar basement membranes leads to progressive kidney damage and pulmonary hemorrhage.

17. CAUSES Exposure to hydrocarbon fumes, metallic dust, tobacco smoke, or certain illegal substances such as cocaine may also increase risk.

18. SYMPTOMS fatigue, weakness, or lethargy nausea and/or vomiting loss of appetite unhealthy, pale appearance dry cough or coughing up blood shortness of breath or difficult breathing burning sensation during urination blood in the urine or foamy urine swelling of the hands and feet high blood pressure back pain below the ribs

19. TREATMENT immunosuppressive drugs  to keep immune system from making the antibodies that damage lungs and kidneys. Cyclophosphamide is one example. corticosteroids  like prednisone help control bleeding in lungs. These medications also suppress immune system.

20. INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS It   is a form of diabetes mellitus that results from the autoimmune destruction of the  insulin-producing beta cells in islets of langerhans of pancreas.  This results in lack of insulin leading to increased blood and urine glucose.

21. SYMPTOMS  polyuria (frequent urination)  polydipsia(increased thirst) xerostomia (dry mouth)  polyphagia (increased hunger) fatigue weight loss.

22. TREATMENT Taking insulin Exercising regularly and maintaining a healthy weight Eating healthy foods Monitoring blood sugar

23. GRAVE’S DISEASE  occurs due to an abnormal immune system response that causes the thyroid gland to produce too much thyroid hormone.  mediated by binding of auto antibodies on TSH receptor present on thyroid gland, activating adenylate cyclase resulting in production of thyroid hormones.

24. SYMPTOMS Anxiety Difficulty concentrating Double vision Eyeballs that stick out ( exophthalmos ) Eye irritation and tearing Fatigue Frequent bowel movements Goiter  (possible) Heat intolerance

25. SYMPTOMS Increased sweating Insomnia Irregular menstrual periods in women Muscle weakness Nervousness Rapid or irregular heartbeat (palpitations or arrhythmia) Restlessness and difficulty sleeping Shortness of breath with activity Tremor Weight loss(rarely, weight gain) Increases appetite

26. TREATMENT Radioactive iodine therapy Anti-thyroid medications Beta blockers Surgery

27. MYASTHENIA GRAVIS  a neuromuscular disease in which the muscles under our voluntary control become easily tired and weak because there is a problem with how the nerves stimulate the contraction of muscles.   circulating antibodies cause weakness by blocking acetylcholine receptors on motor end plates of muscles, blocking normal binding of acetylcholine.

28. SYMPTOMS  fatigue ptosis (drooping of one or both eyelids)  diplopia (double vision) blurred vision (which may be intermittent)  speech may become soft or nasal. making eating, drinking, swallowing pills harder. develop an unusual or different smile if certain facial muscles are affected.

29. SYMPTOMS   arm and leg muscles may weaken, affecting such activities as lifting or walking .

30. TREATMENT Anticholinesterase agents which improve neuromuscular transmission and muscle strength. Immunosuppressive drugs which suppress production of abnormal antibodies.