Average rate 0f return

it is a average rate of return pppt

1. Rate of Return

2. Definition Accounting rate of return or simple rate of return is the ratio of the estimated accounting profit of a project to its average investment. It is an investment appraisal technique. ARR ignores the time value of money.

3. Formula Accounting Rate of Return is calculated as follows: ARR = Average Accounting Profit Initial Investment

4. Formula…….. Average accounting profit is the arithmetic mean of accounting income expected to be earned during each year of the project's life time. Initial investment is sometimes replaced by average investment due to the reason that the book value of the project usually declines over its life time. Average investment is calculated as the sum of the beginning and ending book value of the project divided by 2.

5. Decision Rule Accept the project only if its ARR is NOT less than the required accounting rate of return. In case of mutually exclusive projects, accept the one with highest ARR.

6. Examples Example 1: An initial investment of Rs 130,000 is expected to generate annual cash inflow of Rs 32,000 for 6 years. Depreciation is to be allowed on the straight line basis. It is estimated that the project will generate a scrap amount of Rs 10,500 at end of the 6th year. Calculate its accounting rate of return assuming that there are no other expenses on the project.

7. Example 1 Solution : Annual Depreciation = ( Initial Investment − Scrap Value ) / Useful Life in Years Annual Depreciation = ( Rs 130,000 − Rs 10,500 ) / 6 ≈ Rs 19,917 Average Accounting Income = Rs 32,000 − Rs 19,917 = Rs 12,083 Accounting Rate of Return = Rs 12,083 / Rs 130,000 ≈ 9.3%

8. Example 2 Compare the following two exclusive projects on the basis of ARR. Cash flows and salvage values are in thousands of Rupees . Use the straight line depreciation method. Project A: Year 1 2 3 Cash Outflow -220 Cash Inflow 91 130 105 Salvage Value 10

9. Example 2……. Solution Project A: Step 1: Annual Depreciation = ( 220 − 10 ) / 3 = 70 Step 2: Year Cash Inflow Salvage Value Depreciation* A cc ounti n g In c ome 21 1 2 3 91 130 105 10 - 7 0 - 7 0 - 70 60 45

10. Example 2……. Step 3: Average Accounting Income = ( 21 + 60 + 45 ) / 3 = 42 Step 4: Accounting Rate of Return = 42 / 220 = 19.1%

11. Example 2……. Project B: Year 1 2 3 Cash Outflow -198 Cash Inflow 8 7 110 84 Salvage Value 18

12. Example 2……. Project B: Step 1: Annual Depreciation = ( 198 − 18 ) / 3 = 60 1 2 3 8 7 1 1 0 84 18 Step 2: Year Cash Inflow Salvage Value Dep r eciation* Accounting Income - 6 0 - 6 0 - 60 27 50 42

13. Example 2 Step 3: Average Accounting Income = ( 27 + 50 + 42 ) / 3 = 39.666  Step 4: Accounting Rate of Return = 39.666 / 198 ≈ 20.0% Since the ARR of the project B is higher, it is more favorable than the project A.

14. Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages Like payback period , this method of investment appraisal is easy to calculate. It recognizes the profitability factor of investment.

15. Disadvantages It ignores time value of money . Suppose, if we use ARR to compare two projects having equal initial investments. The project which has higher annual income in the latter years of its useful life may rank higher than the one having higher annual income in the beginning years, even if the present value of the income generated by the latter project is higher. It can be calculated in different ways. Thus there is problem of consistency.

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