Bab 10: Perubatan Tingkatan4 KSSM (ENG).pptx

Spm

1. Chapter 10 chemicals in medicine and health Theme 3: Exploration Elements in Nature

2. 10.1 traditional, modern and complementary medicine

3. Traditional Medicine A nature-based medicine Derived from plants, animals or any natural substances that are applied or combined specifically for diagnosis and treating diseases. Characteristics of traditional medicine: The efficiency of treatment is slower and requires times Inherited for generations Evidence of healing is by trust and past experiences Low cost of treatment Treatment uses natural sources

4. Modern Medicine Combination of treatments from various discipline of science that are related to health science and biomedical. Involves clinical medicine, medicinal researches and surgery in treating patients and to treat injuries. Characteristics of modern medicine: Treatment using synthetic medicines Use modern approach such as surgery, laser treatment and radiotherapy Treatment is more efficient and faster Evidence of healing is based on clinical tests High cost of treatment

5. Complementary Medicine Refers to a variety of methods in maintaining health. Complementary medicine includes two main parts which are natural products and mind-body exercises. This approach can be applied together with modern medicine to treat diseases such as cancer. Characteristics of complementary medicine: Does not use any therapeutic medicines, drugs and synthetic chemicals Does not involve any surgery and stitches on the body Takes into account the views from modern and traditional medicinal practitioners

6. Medicines Medicines are drugs or any substances taken to control health, to treat or to avoid diseases. Medicines must be obtained from accredited parties. Traditional medicines are medicines that derived from natural sources such as plants and animals without any chemical process involved. These medicines are inherited and practiced for generations.

7. Traditional Medicines Benefits of Aloe Vera gel: To treat sunburn and burns on the skin High in antioxidant Reduces dental plaque Relief heartburn

8. Traditional Medicines Benefits of ginseng: Can help to prevent diabetes Helps to improve the health of skin and hair Helps in weight loss Helps to reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s disease

9. Traditional Medicines Benefits of ginger: Helps in digestion Relieves nausea Improves cholesterol level Lowers blood glucose level Reduces inflammation

10. Traditional Medicines Benefits of Hibiscus: Lower blood pressure High in antioxidants Relief headache Can be used to treat hair loss problem

11. Traditional Medicines Benefits of cinnamon: Lowers blood glucose level High in antioxidant Can be used to treat malaria Reduce inflammation Prevent heart disease

12. Modern Medicines Modern medicine is a drug manufactured in the laboratory for consumers and is widely marketed. Available in various forms such as pills, capsules, paste, suspension and solution. Depends on the usage, modern medicines can be divided into three types: Analgesic – To relief pain Antibiotics – To kill or inhibit bacterial growth Psychotherapeutic – To treat psychiatric patients

13. Antibiotics To kill or inhibit bacterial growth Synthetically produced using microorganisms such as bacteria and fungus Examples: Streptomycin is produced from bacteria to treat dry cough Penicillin is produced from fungus to treat tuberculosis, syphilis and pneumonia

14. Video 1

15. Psychotherapeutic To treat patients with psychological problems Must be prescribed by the doctors and not to be taken arbitrary Affects patient’s emotions, thoughts and behaviour Three types of psychotherapeutic: Stimulants – To stimulate and activate the brain activity, body and feelings of the patients Examples: Amphetamine, methamphetamine Antidepressants – To treat depression Examples: Imipramine, amitriptyline, amoxapine Antipsychotics – To control anxiety and have sedative effects Examples: Barbiturate, haloperidol

16. Complementary Medicine Holistic treatment for patients that includes physical, mental and emotional health. Examples: Acupuncture A treatment that involves inserting sterilised thin needles into specific points called acupuncture points at various depths Helps to stimulate the nerve system to relief pain

17. Acupuncture (Video 2)

18. Complementary Medicine Traditional Massage Massage is a method that manipulates soft tissues in the body using hands, fingers and fist To relief pain, anxiety, fatigue, muscles tension and nerve problems Chiropractic Treatment for misalignments of the joints, back and neck pain, headache or any sports injury No medicine needed

19. Complementary Medicine Homeopathy Medicinal treatment is given based on the symptoms Medicine is to strengthen the immunisation of the body to fight the disease Medicine is not to kill the pathogens Herbs Therapy Uses plants or any parts of the plants Popular method as it does not cause any side effects and contains no drugs

20. Use of Traditional, Modern and Complementary Medicine Medicines are either man-made or come from natural sources. Traditional medicines derive from natural sources while modern medicines are made by human. Synthetic Medicines Natural Medicines Made in the lab and commercialized for the use of consumers Derived from plants and animals Must be taken regularly or stopped when the sickness has healed Must be taken or used continuously for a long time to be effective Evidence of healing is based on clinical tests Evidence of healing is by trust and past experiences There is a risk of side effects if: Used without the advice of a doctor The patient’s does not follow the correct dosage

21. Effects of Misuse of Medicine Misuse of medicine is when the medicine is taken without prescription from a doctor. Side effect refers to the unwanted effects from the consumption. Side effects of misuse of medicine: Death Allergy, vomiting, headache, fever and fainted Addiction Causing the medicine to less effective to fight the disease

22. 10.2 free redicals

23. Free Radical Free radical is an atom or a molecule that lose one electron making it to become unstable, reactive and tend to attack another atom or molecule.

24. Impacts of Free Radicals on Human Health Oxidation A process that occurs when a reactant loses its electrons. Occurs naturally Releases free radicals Two factors that cause the release of free radicals in the body are metabolism and inflammation. External factors that induced the release of free radicals in the body are: Cigarette smoke Exposure to radiation rays Sunlight Air pollution

25. Impacts of Free Radicals on Human Health Negative impacts of free radicals to human health: Destroying the structure of DNA Causing chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease Causing infertility Damaging the kidneys, liver and lungs Accelerating aging

26. Video 3

27. 10.3 antioxidant

28. Antioxidants Antioxidants are the chemical compounds needed by the body to slow down or to stop the oxidation process. Antioxidants protect the body cells from free radicals. Antioxidants could prevent some diseases. Our body can produce its own antioxidants. However, as we age, our body produces less antioxidants. We can get antioxidants from foods.

29. Antioxidants in Foods Beta carotene Can be found in orange, yellow or red foods Benefits: Improved vision Anti-aging and high in antioxidants Prevent heart disease Cleanse the body Prevent cancer and stroke

30. Antioxidants in Foods Lutein Can be found mostly in green and leafy vegetables Benefits of lutein: For eye health Prevent or slow the progression of cataracts Anti-inflammatory benefits High in antioxidants

31. Antioxidants in Foods Lycopene Can be found mostly in red fruits and vegetables Benefits: Prevent diabetes, heart diseases and osteoporosis Natural sunscreen that protects the skin Anti-aging and high in antioxidants Prevent cataract and good for eye health

32. Antioxidants in Foods Vitamin C Also known as ascorbic acid Water-soluble vitamins Can be found mostly in citrus fruits and vegetables Benefits: High in antioxidants Boost immune system Prevents cancer and stroke Good for skin and eye health

33. Antioxidants in Foods Vitamin E Also known as alpha-tocopherol Fat-soluble vitamin Can be found mostly in oils and fruits Benefits: Powerful antioxidants Anti-aging Protection against cardiovascular diseases Strengthen the immune system

34. Antioxidants VS Free Radicals Antioxidants react with the free radicals by donating electrons to the unstable atoms caused by oxidation. Antioxidants can be obtained from foods. Antioxidants can stop the negative impacts of free radicals in the body.

35. Antioxidants VS Free Radicals (Video 4)

36. Factors Affecting Oxidation in Food Oxidation occurs to the foods that are exposed to air. Oxidation causes foods like apples and bananas to become brown. One way to prevent oxidation in apple is to pour lemon juice as it contains antioxidants that can stop the oxidation process in apple. Therefore, the apple will remain fresh.

37. 10.4 health products

38. Active Ingredients in Health Products Active ingredients are the components in the product that have healing effect or preventing diseases. The same active ingredients will give the same effect or purposes regardless of the brands. There are certain active ingredients that cannot be used together as it will affect our health.

39. Health Products Supplements are consumed to treat diseases and to maintain our health. Quality health products can help to increase immunisation and for normal growth. Hectic lifestyle and imbalance diet have made health products a necessary for health. However, we must be careful in choosing and consuming health products. It is advisable to get doctor’s advice first before taking any health products.