bachlor of computer application pc assembly and troubleshooting

pcat

1. WHAT IS A COMPUTER A  computer  is an electronic device that accepts data from the user, processes it, produces results, displays them to the users, and stores the results for future usage. Data  is a collection of unorganized facts & figures and does not provide any further information regarding patterns, context, etc. Hence data means "unstructured facts and figures". Information  is a structured data i.e. organized meaningful and processed data. To process the data and convert into information, a computer is used.

2. Functions of Computers Receiving Input Data is fed into computer through various input devices like keyboard, mouse, digital pens, etc. Input can also be fed through devices like CD-ROM, pen drive, scanner, etc. Processing the information Operations on the input data are carried out based on the instructions provided in the programs. Storing the information After processing, the information gets stored in the primary or secondary storage area. Producing output The processed information and other details are communicated to the outside world through output devices like monitor, printer, etc.

3. .

4. Input Devices Input device enables the user to send data, information, or control signals to a computer. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) of a computer receives the input and processes it to produce the output. Some of the popular input devices are: Keyboard Mouse Scanner Joystick Light Pen Digitizer Microphone Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) Optical Character Reader (OCR) Digital Camera

5. Central Processing Unit (CPU) A Central Processing Unit is also called a processor, central processor, or microprocessor. It carries out all the important functions of a computer. It receives instructions from both the hardware and active software and produces output accordingly. It stores all important programs like operating systems and application software. CPU also helps Input and output devices to communicate with each other. Owing to these features of CPU, it is often referred to as the brain of the computer.

6. . Generally, a CPU has three components: ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) Control Unit Memory or Storage Unit

7. . Control Unit:  It is the circuitry in the control unit, which makes use of electrical signals to instruct the computer system for executing already stored instructions. It takes instructions from memory and then decodes and executes these instructions. So, it controls and coordinates the functioning of all parts of the computer. The Control Unit's main task is to maintain and regulate the flow of information across the processor. It does not take part in processing and storing data.

8. ALU  It is the arithmetic logic unit, which performs arithmetic and logical functions . Arithmetic functions include addition, subtraction, multiplication division, and comparisons. Logical functions mainly include selecting, comparing, and merging the data. A CPU may contain more than one ALU. Furthermore, ALUs can be used for maintaining timers that help run the computer.

9. . Memory or Storage Unit/ Registers:  It is called Random access memory (RAM). It temporarily stores data, programs, and intermediate and final results of processing. So, it acts as a temporary storage area that holds the data temporarily, which is used to run the computer.

10. TYPES OF MEMORY UNIT

11. ASSIGNMENT WRITE SHORT NOTES ON FIVE TYPES OF MEMORY WHAT IS PRIMARY AND SECONDARY MENORY AND WHAT ARE THEIR COMPONENTS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RAM ROM DIFFERNCE BETWEEN CACHE AND RAM MEMORY

12. Brief history of computer on the basis Hardware. First Generation (1940-1956) The first generation computers had the following features and components − Hardware The hardware used in the first generation of computers was:  Vacuum Tubes  and  Punch Cards . Features It supported machine language. It had slow performance It occupied large size due to the use of vacuum tubes. It had a poor storage capacity. It consumed a lot of electricity and generated a lot of heat.

13. Second Generation (1956-1963) Several advancements in the first-gen computers led to the development of second generation computers. Following are various changes in features and components of second generation computers Hardware Transistors Magnetic Tapes Features Batch operating system Faster and smaller in size Reliable and energy efficient than the previous generation Less costly than the previous generation

14. Third Generation (1964-1971) Features The features of the third generation computers are − Supports time-sharing OS Faster, smaller, more reliable and cheaper than the previous generations Easy to access

15. Fourth Generation (1972-2010) Features It supports features like − Multiprocessing & distributed OS Object-oriented high level programs supported Small & easy to use; hand-held computers have evolved No external cooling required & affordable This generation saw the development of networks and the internet It saw the development of new trends in GUIs and mouse

16. Fifth Generation (2010-Present) Features It supports features like − Powerful, cheap, reliable and easy to use. Portable and faster due to use of parallel processors and Super Large Scale Integrated Circuits. Rapid software development is possible.

17. N eed of hardware and software for computer HARDWARE The term hardware refers to mechanical device that makes up computer. Computer hardware consists of interconnected electronic devices that we can use to control computer’s operation, input and output. Examples of hardware are CPU, keyboard, mouse, hard disk, etc.

18. Hardware Components Computer hardware is a collection of several components working together. Some parts are essential and others are added advantages. Computer hardware is made up of CPU and peripherals as shown in image below.

19. D ifferent hardware components within a computer Computer Hardware Parts Some of the commonly used hardware in your computer are described below: Motherboard Monitor Keyboard Mouse

20. Motherboard: The motherboard is generally a thin circuit board that holds together almost all parts of a computer except input and output devices. All crucial hardware like CPU, memory, hard drive, and ports for input and output devices are located on the motherboard. It is the biggest circuit board in a computer chassis.

21. Components of a Motherboard: CPU Slot:  It is provided to install the CPU. It is a link between a microprocessor and a motherboard. It facilitates the use of CPU and prevents the damage when it is installed or removed. Furthermore, it is provided with a lock to prevent CPU movement and a heat sink to dissipate the extra heat. RAM Slot:  It is a memory slot or socket provided in the motherboard to insert or install the RAM (Random Access Memory). There can be two or more memory slots in a computer. Expansion Slot:  It is also called the bus slot or expansion port. It is a connection or port on the motherboard, which provides an installation point to connect a hardware expansion card, for example, you can purchase a video expansion card and install it into the expansion slot and then can install a new video card in the computer. Some of the common expansion slots in a computer are AGP, AMR, CNR, PCI, etc.

22. . Capacitor:  It is made of two conductive plates, and a thin insulator sandwiched between them. These parts are wrapped in a plastic container. Inductor (Coil):  It is an electromagnetic coil made of a conducting wire wrapped around an iron core. It acts as an inductor or electromagnet to store magnetic energy. Northbridge:  It is an integrated circuit that allows communications between the CPU interface, AGP, and memory. Furthermore, it also allows the southbridge chip to communicate with the RAM, CPU, and graphics controller.

23. . USB Port:  It allows you to connect hardware devices like mouse, keyboard to your computer. PCI Slot:  It stands for Peripheral Component Interconnect slot. It allows you to connect the PCI devices like modems, network hardware, sound, and video cards. AGP Slot:  It stands for Accelerated Graphics Port. It provides the slot to connect graphics cards. Heat Sink:  It absorbs and disperses the heat generated in the computer processor. Power Connector:  It is designed to supply power to the motherboard. CMOS battery:  It stands for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor. It is a memory that stores the BIOS settings such as time, date, and hardware settings.

24. Monitor A monitor is the display unit of a computer on which the processed data, such as text, images, etc., is displayed. It comprises a screen circuity and the case which encloses this circuity . The monitor is also known as a visual display unit (VDU). Types of Monitors: CRT Monitor:  It has cathode ray tubes which produce images in the form of video signals. Its main components are electron gun assembly, deflection plate assembly, glass envelope, fluorescent screen, and base. LCD Monitor:  It is a flat panel screen. It uses liquid crystal display technology to produce images on the screen. Advanced LEDs have thin-film transistors with capacitors and use active-matrix technology, which allows pixels to retain their charge. LED Monitor:  It is an advanced version of an LCD monitor. Unlike an LCD monitor, which uses cold cathode fluorescent light to backlight the display, it has LED panels, each of which has lots of LEDs to display the backlight. Plasma Monitor:  It uses plasma display technology that allows it to produce high resolutions of up to 1920 X 1080, wide viewing angle, a high refresh rate, outstanding contrast ration, and more.

25. 3) Keyboard A  keyboard s is an input device through which users can input text, numbers, and special characters. It is an input device with a typical QWERTY keyset. It is an external hardware device that is connected to the computer. It serves as the user's most fundamental interface with a system. It has numerous buttons that can be used to generate letters, numbers, and symbols as well as unique keys like the Windows and Alt keys that can also accomplish other tasks.

26. 4) Mouse: It is a small handheld device designed to control or move the pointer (computer screen's cursor) in a GUI (graphical user interface). It allows you to point to or select objects on a computer's display screen. It is generally placed on a flat surface as we need to move it smoothly to control the pointer. Types of Mouse: Trackball mouse, Mechanical Mouse, Optical Mouse, Wireless Mouse, etc.

27. What are external hardware components Microphone:  A  microphone  is an input device that converts sound waves into electrical impulses in order to allow computer-based audio communications. It was developed by Emile Berliner in  1877 . It is used to enter audio into computers or transform sound waves into electric waves. It captures audio with the help of converting sound waves into an electrical signal that could be a digital or analog signal. This process can be implemented by a computer as well as other digital audio devices.

28. Camera:   Visual pictures are captured by a camera, which then transmits them to a computer or a network device. A camera is a piece of equipment that takes photographs with the help of using photosensitive film or a plate inside of a light-proof housing. The photosensitive film is exposed to light via the camera's shutter, which opens and closes as the image is imprinted onto the film.

29. . OUTPUT HARDWARE

30. Software A set of instructions that drives computer to do stipulated tasks is called a program. Software instructions are programmed in a computer language, translated into machine language, and executed by computer. Software can be categorized into two types − System software Application software

31. . System Software System software operates directly on hardware devices of computer. It provides a platform to run an application. It provides and supports user functionality. Examples of system software include operating systems such as Windows, Linux, Unix, etc . Application Software An application software is designed for benefit of users to perform one or more tasks. Examples of application software include Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Oracle, etc . QUESTION : DIFFERNCE BETWEEN HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

32. . Sr. Software Hardware 1 It is a collection of programs to bring computer hardware system into operation. It includes physical components of computer system. 2 It includes numbers, alphabets, alphanumeric symbols, identifiers, keywords, etc. It consists of electronic components like ICs, diodes, registers, crystals, boards, insulators, etc. 3 Software products evolve by adding new features to existing programs to support hardware. Hardware design is based on architectural decisions to make it work over a range of environmental conditions and time. 4 It will vary as per computer and its built-in functions and programming language. It is mostly constructed for all types of computer systems. 5 It is designed and developed by experienced programmers in high-level language. The hardware can understand only low-level language or machine language.

33. D ifferent processors used for personal computers and notebook computers. What is Processor? Definition  – Processor is known as “ Microprocessor “, and it likes as small type of chip that is placed in the computers and another electronics components. Processor can manage all instructions such as arithmetical, logical, input/output (I/O) and other basic instructions, which are created by hardware or  operating system . Its main job role is to obtain input from input devices and then produce the accurately result on the output devices.

34. Basic Components of Computer Processor ALU stands for arithmetic logic unit, which help out to execute all arithmetic and logic operations. FPU (Floating Point Unit) is also called the “Math coprocessor” that helps to manipulate mathematically calculations. Registers store all instructions and data, and it fires operands to ALU and save the output of all operations. Cache memory helps to save more time in travelling data from main memory.

35. Primary CPU Processor Operations Fetch  – In which, to obtain all instructions from  main memory  unit ( RAM ). Decode  – In this operation, to convert all instructions into understandable ways then other components of CPU are ready to continue further operations, and this entire operations ar performed by decoder. Execute  – Here, to perform all operations and every components of  CPU  which are needed to activate to carry out instructions. Write-Back  – After executing all operations, then its result is moved to write back.

36. Types of Processors Single Core Processor Single Core CPUs were used in the traditional  type of computers . Those CPUs were able to perform one operation at once, so they were not comfortable to multi tasking system. These CPUs got degrade the entire performance of computer system while running multiple programs at same time duration. In Single Core CPU, FIFO (First Come First Serve) model is used, it means that couple of operations goes to CPU for processing according to priority base, and left operations get wait until first operation completed.

37. Dual Core Processor Dual Core processor  contains two processors, and they are linked with each other like as single IC (Integrated circuit). Every processor consist its own local cache and controller, so they are able to perform different difficult operations in quickly than single core  CPU . There are some examples which are used as  dual core processors  such as Intel Core Duo, the  AMD  X2, and the dual-core PowerPC G5.

38. Multi Core Processor Multi core processor  is designed with using of various processing units means “Cores” on one chip, and every core of processor is able to perform their all tasks. For example, if you are doing multiple activities at a same time like as using WhatsApp and playing games then one core handles WhatsApp activities and other core manage to another works such as game.

39. Quad Core Processor Quad core processor  is high power CPU, in which four different processors cores are combined into one processor. Every processor is capable to execute and process all instructions own level without taking support to other left processor cores. Quad core processors are able to execute massive instructions at a time without getting waiting pools. Quad core CPU help to enhance the processing power of computer system, but it performance depend on their using computing components.

40. Octa Core Processor Octa core processor is designed with using of multiprocessor architecture, and its design produces the higher processing speed. Octa core processor has best ability to perform multi tasking and to boost up efficiency of your CPU. These  types of processors  are mostly used in your smart phones.