BACTERIA-AND-DISEASE_115911. .pptx

Ed

1. BACTERIA AND DISEASE

2. WHAT IS DISEASE? Pathological process, deviation from a biological norm. Illness is the patient's experience of ill health, sometimes when no disease can be found. Sickness is the role negotiated with society.

3. WHAT IS INFECTION?   An  infection  occurs when germs enter a person’s body and multiply, causing illness, organ and tissue damage, or disease.

4. WHAT IS POLLUTION? Presence of contaminants that can cause adverse biological effects to human and communities. All pollutant are contaminants but not all contaminants are pollutants WHAT IS CONTAMINATION? Presence of unwanted materials where they should not be or at concentration above the normal. The presence of these substances may not necessarily lead to harm.

5. WHAT VIRULENCE? A bility of an organism to infect the host and cause a disease . WHAT IS PHATOGENICITY? Ability of an organism to produce disease. An organism that can produce disease in humans is said to be pathogenic.

6. COMMENSALISM A form of symbiosis in which on organism benefits from another organism without causing harm to it MUTUALISM A form of symbiosis in which both organism benefits from the relationship PARASITISM A form of symbiosis where one organism benefits from another organism and at the same time causes harm to other.

7. What is an Epidemic ? D escribes as an unexpected increase in the number of disease cases in a specific geographical area . An epidemic disease doesn't necessarily have to be contagious. Epidemics can refer to a disease or other specific health-related behavior (e.g., smoking) with rates that are clearly above the expected occurrence in a community or region . What is Endemic A disease outbreak is endemic when it is consistently present but limited to a particular region. This makes the disease spread and rates predictable. Malaria, for example, is considered endemic in certain countries and regions

8. Sporadic Diseases that are seen only occasionally, and usually without geographic concentration, are called sporadic diseases. Examples of sporadic diseases include tetanus, rabies, and plague . Exotic Exotic diseases are notifiable under New South Wales (NSW) legislation. This means that there is a legal obligation to notify authorities if you know or suspect that an animal has one of these diseases.

9. Stages of the infectious disease Incubation Period –corresponds to the time from initial entry of the infectious agent until the time the patient first manifests signs and symptoms . Prodromal Period –corresponds to the initial manifestations of the patient. These manifestations are usually non-specific constitutional symptoms such as fever, body malaise, cough, and colds . Period of Illness –where there is maximal invasion by the infecting agent. During this period, signs and symptoms characteristic of the disease are seen . Period of decline –is the period when manifestations of the patient begin to diminish. It is also known as period of defervescence . Period of convalescence –also known as recovery period, is where the patient already becomes asymptomatic, and the body returns to its normal, pre-diseased state.

10. Property Exotoxin Endotoxin Bacterial source Mostly gram- positive bacteria; Some gram negative bacteria Gram negative bacteria only Relation to microorganism Metabolic product of glowing cell; secreted outside cell Present in LPS of outer membrane of cell wall; released after lysis of cell wall Toxicity Extremely toxic; sometimes fatal Weakly toxic Chemistry Protein or short peptides Lipid A of LPS of outer membrane Pharmacology ( effect on the body) Specific for particular cell structure or function in the host (mainly effects cell functions, nerves, and GIT) General such as fever, malaise, and shock; all produce the same effects Antigenicity Extremely antigenic Less antigenic Comparison between exotoxin and endotoxin