Bacteria Endospore Formation and Germination

A summary of the various process that happens before, during and after sporulation. Most bacterias are considered immortals, due the their cryptobiotic ability; living for more than 100 YEARS in a state of inactive metabolism. The scarcity of nutrients and essentials elements: Nitrogen, Sulfur, Carbon, and Phosphorus activates this beast mode formation of bacterias.

1. Sporulation and Germination Elvis K. Goodridge Microbiology Presenting to: Mr. Samuel S. Suah (instructor) Junior Class Mother Patern College of Health Sciences Randal Street Monrovia, Liberia

2. Objective By the end of this presentation, students should know: What are spores? Understand Sporulation Understand Germination

3. Introduction Spores are metabolically inert cells with thick cell walls, produce through sproluation. Near depletion of the nitrogen or carbon source. Biochemical events (Ca-dipliconal) Position: While attached to a parent cell made be: terminal, subterminal , or central.

4. Properties A typical spore consists of: Core: innermost part of the spore ( protoplast). Chromosome, Ribosomes tRNAs, Enzymes 3-P-Glycerate Plasma-membrane: surrounds the core. Spore Wall : t he innermost layer surrounding the inner spore membrane.

5. Cont’d Cortex: t he thickest layer of the spore envelope. It contains an u nusual type of peptidoglycan. Coat : is composed of a keratin-like protein containing many intramolecular disulfide bonds. Exosporium: composed of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.

6. Mechanism of Sporogenesis Sporulation involves the production of many new enzymes. core protein with one or another promoter- specific protein called a sigma factor .

7. Germination The germination process occurs in three stages: activation, initiation, and outgrowth . Activation: Among the agents that can overcome spore dormancy are heat, abrasion, acidity, and compounds containing free sulfhydryl groups. Initiation: Different species have evolved receptors that recognize different effectors as signaling a rich medium. Outgrowth : egradation of the cortex and outer layers results in the emergence of a new vegetative cell consisting of the spore protoplast with its surrounding wall.

8. Con’d

9. Quote of the day Remind yourself that hope exists only for those breathing~ So, when Life gets tough, be like a spore and chillout; it wont be hard forever. ~Yougocry Noworries~

10. References Barreteau H, Kovac A, Boniface A, Sova M, Gobec S, Blanot D: Cytoplasmic steps of peptidoglycan biosynthesis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2008;32:168 . Drlica K, Riley M (editors): The Bacterial Chromosome. American Society for Microbiology, 1990. Imaging Messner P et al: III. Biochemistry of S-layers. FEMS Microbiol Rev 1997;20:25. Moat AG, Foster JW: Microbial Physiology, 3rd ed. Wiley-Liss, 1995. Naroninga N: Morphogenesis of Escherichia coli. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1998;62:110.