Bajra ppt

BAJRA CULTIVATION PRACTICES

1. Cultivation practices of pearl millet

2. OVER VIEW:- Botanical description Economic Importance Area Production and Productivity Varieties Climatic Requirement Soil Type and Field Preparation Sowing Time Method of Sowing Seed Rate and Spacing Seed Treatment Nutrient Management Water Management Weed Management Intercultural Operation Cropping Systems Yield attributes Harvesting and Threshing Yield Contingency planning

3. Botany of the crop SYSTEMATIC POSITION:- DIVISION :- Phanerogams SUB-DIVISION :- Angiosperms CLASS :- Monocotyledon SERIES : - Glumacea S UBCLASS :- Glumiflorae FAMILY :- Poaceae TRIBE :- Paniceae

4. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION Crop :- Bajra Scientific Name :- Pennesitum glaucum Common Name :- Pearl Millet Family :- Gramineae Tamil :- Cumbu Telugu :- Sajalu Origin :- Africa

5. HABITAT :- Mesophyte HABIT :-Erect, annual , tillering habit and growing upto three meters height. ROOT :-Fibrous root system . Stilt roots are seen in lower nodes STEM :-Solid , slender or stout ,round . Nodes slightly swollen with a string of silky hairs. Have tillering habit . Lower inter nodes are shorter in length and upper ones are longer may be pubescent or glabrous .

6. Economic Importance :- Pearl millet is a stable food crop of about 100 million peoples in rural areas of India and sub saharan Africa. Roti or Chapathi,which are unleaved flat breads prepared using pearlmillet flour or common in Asia. Porridges and cooked Grains are also used. In Northern India it is prepared in during winter while wheat becomes common in summer diet. It is also used for fried preparations,foods such as fermented products and beer.

7. Varieties of Pancakes are prepared using pearlmillet flour in Africa and Pearlmillet beer is used throughout Africa. Fura or cheese is the traditional African snacks prepared using steamed pearlmillet flour and cream. It is used as fodder in Africa and Asia. Oxalic is very high.So it is not relished by cattle. In central America it is mainly cultivated for forage purpose.It is also grown as pasture grass It is rich in: *Protein-12.6% *Fibre-1.2% *Fat-5% *Carbohydrate-60-70%

8. Area,Production and Productivity:- It is largely grown in India. The important pearlmillet producing countries are India,Africa,Pakisthan,China,Sudan and Egypt. In India,it is cultivated in an area of 10 m.ha,with production 7.9 million tones,and productivity of 791 kg/ha. Area under cultivation is high in Rajasthan,followed by Maharashtra,Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh.

9. In Tamilnadu,it is cultivated in an area of 2.31 ha.,with production of2.51.tonnes and productivity of 1226kg/ha. NilgriThe production is more in Rajasthan,followed by Maharastra,Gujarat,Tamilnadu ana Uttarpradesh . In tamilnadu it is grown in all the districts except Kanchipuram,Tiruvallur and nilgris .

10. Area,production and productivity In different states

11. VARIETIES STATES HYBRIDS VARIETIES Andhra pradhesh GHB 558 , ICMH 356 , GK 1004. Ananth ,ICMV 221. Gujarat GHB 558 , GHB 577 , GHB 538 , RHB 121. Pusa comp.334 , Raj 171 , GICKV 96752. Haryana HHB 146 , HHB 117 , HHB 68 , ICMH 356. Raj 171 , GICKV 96752 , Pusa comp,,334. Karnataka GHB 588 , ICMH 356 , MLBH 267. ICMV 221 , Pusa comp..334. Madhya pradhesh HHB 146, MLBH 285 , ICMH 3356 , GHB 577. GICKV 96752 , Pusa comp 334. Maharastra Saburi, Pusa 23 , GHB 526 , PB 180 . Raj 171, ICMV 221 , Samruddhi . Rajasthan RHB 127 , RHB 121 , RHB 90. Raj 171, GICKV 96752 , Pusa comp , 383 Tamil nadu GHB 558 , GBH 526 , PAC 903. ICMV 221 , Co 7

12. S oil type It is grown in a wide variety of soils,but being sensitive to water logging. It grows well in well drained sandy loams. It is sensitive to acidic soil It is grown succesfully in black cotton soil,alluvial soils and red soils of India

13. C limatic requirement It is a rapid growing,warm weather crop and has resistance for drought. The best temparature is between 20 and 28 C . It grows best 30-34C air temparature . Germination at 23-32c It can withstand even dessication . It is highly suitable for the areas having rainfall ranges from 400-750mm.

14. Even 150mm of rainfall is sufficient. Rainfall during vegetataive phase is favourable while at flowering is not conductive as it washes of pollen and there is a poor seed setting. The crop grows better in light showers followed by bright sunshine hours . Usually bajra is grown, where it is not possible o grow sorghum because of high temparature and low rainfall. It is grown as kharif crop in Northern India, while in Tamil nadu,Karnataka and Punjab,it is grown under irrigated condition during summer

15. Growth Stages: There are four stages,namely Seedling stage (1-18days) Tillering Stage(19-35 days) Flowering stage(36-55 days) Maturity Stage(56-85 days)

16. Sowing time In India it is grown in three seasons viz., * Kharif – june-october [ rainfed ] * Winter - november - february [ rainfed ] * Summer -march- june During summer ,it is grown in Tamil Nadu,Karnataka,Punjab , and Gujarat as an irrigated crop. Sowing of kharif pearl millet should be done with oneset of moonsoon i.e first fortnight of july in north and central parts of the country. Summer pearl millet should be sown last week of january to 1 st week of february to obtain higher production of summer pearl. First fortnight of october is appropriate time for rabi season in Tamilnadu

17. F ield preparation Timely sowing ,which ensures higher yield. Provide favourable conditions for sowing , allowing germination , emergence and good plant development. Maintenance of fertility and productivity. Summer ploughing Good seed preparation and is essential for the successful establishment of the crop.

18. Loosening the soil. Deep ploughing with iron plough and country plough is to be done twice to bring the tilth If there is hard pan ,chisel ploughing is done Apply about 12.5tonnes/ha of farmyard manure or compost during last ploughing . Application of azospirillum to the soil should be done@ 10 packets [2kg]. Levelling the soil.

19. Seed treatment Seed treatment with bio pesticides [ Tricoderma harzianum @ 4kg] or thiram 75% dust @3g kg seed will help against soilborne diseases. Seed treatment with 300-mesh sulphur powder @4g kg seeds controls the smut disease. For removing ergot affected seeds, they are soaked in 10% salt solution.[1 kg of NaCl in 10lit of water]. Seeds are treated with Azospirillum [600] and phosphobacterium to enhance the availability of nitrogen and phosphorous.0.

20. Seed rate and spacing Seed rate for Direct sowing _5kg /ha. Transplanting _3.75kg/ha. Spacing:-For arid western plain of rajasthan,haryana and kutch of gujarat pearl millet should be planted in rows 60cm apart ,maintaining low plant population of 1.00 to .25 lac /ha. For the area receiving rainfall more than 450mm, the crop should be kept at spacing of 45x10-15cm.

21. Method of sowing Three methods of pearl millet sowing are followed: Sowing on a flat surface . Sowing on a ridge and furrow system. Sowing on a broadbed system

22. Nursey preparation:nursery required is 7.5 cents [300 sq.m ] for one ha. The land is ploughed in such a way to bringfine tilth Application of 750kg of farmyard manure or compost is done and incorporated. Raised beds of 3.0 x 1.5m with 30cm channel are formed. Small rills not deeper than 1cm on the raised bed are opened. About 3.75kg of seeds is sown in 7.5 cents at 0.5kg/cent and 500kg of FYM or compost is used for sprinkling for covering the seeds. LAND SHAPING :for irrigated crop [ transpanting ],either ridges and furrows at 45cm apart or beds of convinient size depanding upon the water availability are formed. For rainfed crop,Flat sowing is followed.for rainfed crop Pora method of sowing is better than kera method.

23. TRANSPLANTING: pull out the seedlings is recommended when age of seedling is 15_18days. A spacing of 45 x15cm for all the varieties except CO 7,spacing is35x15cm DIRECT SOWING : As in transplanted crop,a spacing of 45x15cm for all varieties ecept CO 7 and CO 7,35X15cm row spacing is adopted . If pulse is intercropped,a spacing of 35x15cm for cumbu and 30x10cm for cowpea and other pulses is adopted.

24. Fertilizer managment The low yields in pearl millet due to the crop being grown under poor soils , low nutrient content , eratic rainfall conditions etc. IRRIGATED CROP *HYBRIDS-80Kg N2:40Kg P2O5:40Kg K2O5/ha. *VARIETIES-70Kg N2:35KG P2O5:35Kg K2O5/ha. RAINFED CROP 40Kg N2:20P2O5:0K2O5/ha.

25. Nitrogen requirement Nitrogen plays a important role for good growth Nitrogen availability to plants is reflected in dark green colour of stems and leaves ,and vigorous growth and development of pearl millet. Application of nitrogen is essential for acceptable yields . About 60-80kg/ha is the optimum dose. The applied nitrogen may be lost due to leaching with heavy rains ,so only about half of the recommended dosage should be applied at seed bed preparation . The remaining half of nitrogen is side dressed when the crop is 25 days old.

26. Phosporous requirement To provide energy for the growth and development of pearl millet plants Without phosphorous plants cannot grow even when nitrogen supply is plenty It takes phosphorous from seedling stage to grain filling stage. SSP is good source of phosphorous requirement for pearl millet. Application of 100% of P is recommended as basal at 5cm depth.

27. Pottasium requirement Provides resistance to insect pests ,diseases and water stress Improves the quality of the crop produce If a soil contains less than 150kg ha-1 of available potassium ,recommended dose of potassium application results higher yield in pearl millets. Application of 100% of K is recommended as basal at 5cm depth.

28. Micronutrient For Zn deficient soil,application of ZnSO4 at 25kg/ha is done Iron deficiency occurs in saline and calcareous soil. Based on the level of the deficiency,12.5 kg of FeSO4 is recommended. If not applied basally , foliar application of 1% FeSO4 at vegetative phase is required. Iron deficiency occurs in saline and calcareous soil.

29. WATER MANAGMENT It is highly drought tolerant crop and water requirement is 300-350mm. Irrigation at available soil moisture of 50% or optimum IW/CPE ratio 0.4 is sufficent . The critical stages are tillering and flowering. Under limited moisture conditions , threenirrigations can be recommended for panicle initiation ,flag leaf,and flowering in addition to sowing irrigation.

30. Normally 5 irrigations are recommended for the stages viz , Tillering,panicle initiation,flag leaf,flowering ,dough stages in addition to sowing. Summer irrigated pearl millet require six irrrigations for the high yields at given stages, * transplanting * 1week after transplanting *3 week after transpanting * Panicle initiation * Flowering * Grain development

31. MOISTURE CONSERVATION Soil and water conservation practices significnace to increase pearl millet production . Antitransparents and reflectants may minimize the water loss due to transpirant . Deep ploughing increases rain water into soil. Mulches are effective in reducing evaporation losses

32. CRITICAL STAGES for watering TILLERING FLOWERING

33. WEED MANAGMENT Weed reduces the yield by 50% . Crop weed competetion is up to 35 days . Pre emergence application of atrazine at 500g/ha followed by hand weeding on 30-35 days after transplanting or sowing. If the herbicide is not used ,weeding is done on 15 th day and again between 30 and 35 days after transplanting.

34. For direct sown crop ,hoeing and weeding may be done on 20-25 days after sowing Atrazine should not be used for intercropping systems. PRE-EMERGENCE APPLICATION : Is applied after sowing but before emergence of seedling. - Atrazine [0.5-1.0] - Pendimethalin [1.0-1.5] POST EMERGENCE APPLICATION: *In case of severe infestations * low rates of 2,4-D[0.5-1.0kg/ha] may be applied when the plants are about 10 to 30cm tall.

35. INTERCULTURAL OPERATIONS Thinning or gap filling is followed at the time of first interculture . Hand weeding is followed to control the weeds or application of atrazine @0.5kg/ha would take care of most of the weeds.

36. POLLINTION and BAGGING

37. CROPPING SYSTEMS Crop rotations : Bajra –wheat Bajra -barley Bajra -gram Bajra -pea Bajra -potato Inter cropping Bajra+groundnut Bajra+black gram Bajra+green gram Bajra+castor Bajra+cowpea

38. MAJOR INSECT PESTS White grub Shoot fly Grass hoppers Termites Grey weevil Stem borers MAJOR DISEASES Downy mildew Rust Smut Ergot Blast

39. Yield attributes Total number of tillers per unit area. Number of productive tillers per unit area. Length of ear head. Number of filled grains per ear head. Test weight.

40. Harvesting and Threshing When the leaves turn yellow colour and when the seeds become hardend and having 20%moisture, harvesting is done by removing the earheads first and cutting down the plants later. The ear heads after harvesting should be dried well in sun before threshing. The grains are seperated either by sticks or tampling by bullocks .

41. If mechanically thresher is available ,thresh it or spread it and drag a stoneroller over it The threshed grain is cleaned and dried in the sun to bring the moisture to 12-14% for safe storage For long term storage [more than 6months] , grain moisture content should be less than 12%.

42. YIELD IRRIGATED :- *Grain yield-3.0-3.5t/ha. * stover yield -10.0t/ha. RAINFED :- *Grain yield-1.2-1.5t/ha. * stover yield-7-7.5t/ha.

43. CONTINGENCY PLANNING To conserve in situ rainwater , deep plough the field during summer on heavy soils of Maharastra , Tamilnadu , Andhrapradhesh,Karnataka and Rajasthan. Adopt suitable intercropping system early maturing hybrids/composites of pearl millet in between under late onset of moonsoon . Keep the crop free by timely weeding If dry spell occurs immediately after sowing ,replant pearl millet in between the existing rows. Under excess rain fall during vegetative phase ,additional dose of 20kg N/ha should be applied.

44. THANK YOU M. Lavanya – 111718012057 . R.Samyuktha - 111718012100 . A . Sanjana - 111718012103 .

45. Crop:Bajra Name:B.Uday Kiran Name: K.Akhila Class:NAG-A Class:NAG-A UID:111718012041 UID:111718012034