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1. Bhalani 3.0 ANATOMY
1. Head Neck Face
Scalp, Temple, face
1.Scalp Layers, Blood Supply, nerve supply
Clinical importance ****
2. Bell’s palsy*
3. Dangerous area of face*
4. Orbicularis oculi & its antagonist
5. Lacrimal Apparatus
6.Venous drainage of face
Side of Neck
1. Deep cervical fascia**
2. Posterior Triangle of neck
3. Sternocleidomastoid - Nerve supply,actions
Anterior Triangles of Neck
1. Carotid Triangle & Carotid sheath***
2. Digastric triangle**
3. Branches of External carotid artery*
4. Anastomosis between internal & external
carotid*
5.Ansa cervicalis*
Parotid Gland****
1.External features
2. Relations
3. Histology
4. Nerve supply
5. Lymph drainage
6. Applied
Temporal & Infratemporal region
1. Temporomandibular joint***
2. Muscles of mastication*
3. Otic ganglion*
4. Pterygoid muscles*
Submandibular region
1. Submandibular salivary gland
-Applied*
-Histology
-Development
Structures in the neck
1.Thyroid Gland***
2.Hypoglossal nerve*
3. Cervical lymph nodes*
4. Right & Left Subclavian artery**
Back of the neck
1.Suboccipital triangle
Cranial Cavity
1. Cavernous sinus***
2. Straight sinus*
3. Falx cerebri
4. Enumerate dural venous sinuses
Contents of the orbit
1. Extra-ocular muscles***
2. Ciliary ganglion
3. Oculomotor nerve**
Nose,Paranasal Sinuses
1. Nasal septum***
2. Lateral wall of nose***
3. Maxillary air sinus
4. Sphenoidal air sinus
Larynx
-Cartilages
-Muscles & their actions*
-Applied
-Movements of Vocal cords**
Tongue**
-Muscles,nerve supply, development,
histology, applied
Ear
1. Middle ear**
-boundaries, contents, applied
Eyeball
-Layers of retina*
-development of retina
Mouth & Pharynx
1.Palatine tonsil
2.Muscles of pharynx

2. 2. Neuroanatomy
Spinal Cord
1. T.S at cervical level*
2. Brown sequard syndrome*
3. Pyramidal tracts
4. Dorsal column pathway
Cranial Nerves
1.Mesencephalic nucleus of Trigeminal N.**
2. Glossopharyngeal Nerve*
3. Facial Nerve**
Brainstem
1. T.S of Medulla
-Pyramidal decussation***
-Sensory decussation*
-mid olivary nucleus*
2. T.S of Midbrain
-Superior colliculus
-Inferior colliculus
3.Facial colliculus*
4.Medial medullary syndrome**
5. T.S of Pons - facial colliculus level**
6. Describe Midbrain -gross anat,blood supply
7.Describe Pons - gross,internal structure,
applied
Cerebellum
1.Inferior cerebellar peduncle***
2. Describe cerebellum
-Lobes
-Connections
-Histology**
-Blood supply
Fourth ventricle**
-floor - Draw & label, decribe
Cerebrum,Diencephalon,Basal nuclei &
white matter
1.Corpus callosum***
2.Superolateral surface of cerebrum***
-Sulci & gyri -functional areas
-blood supply -applied anatomy
3.Classify white matter of cerebrum with
examples & describe Internal capsule**
4.Corpus striatum
-Components,connections,functions
Third ventricle
Fornix of brain
Anterior horn of lateral ventricle
Olivary group of nuclei*
Visual pathway
Auditory pathway
Blood supply of Brain & Spinal Cord
1.Circle of Willis***
3. Upper Limb
Pectoral region
1.Clavipectoral fascia**
2.Mammary gland ****
-Blood supply,lymphatic drainage
-Applied anatomy
3.Serratus anterior*
The Axilla
1. Axillary group of lymph nodes*
2. Axillary artery*
3. Typical intercostal space *
4. Brachial plexus*
5. Erb’s Palsy & Erb’s Point**
6. Klumpke’s Palsy*

3. Scapular region
1.Quandrangular space *
2.Triangular space
3.Deltoid muscle*
4.Rotator cuff of shoulder joint**
The Arm
1.Cubital fossa***
2.Biceps brachii*
3.Radial Nerve**
4.Musculocutaneous Nerve*
5.Wrist drop**
6.Median Nerve*
The Forearm & Hand
1.Carpal tunnel syndrome**
2.Ulnar Nerve*
3.Superficial palmar arch
4.Claw hand*
5.Anatomical snuff box*
6.Flexor retinaculum
Joints of upper limb
1.Sternoclavicular Joint
2.Pronation & supination**
3.Shoulder Joint****
-Movements -relations -stabilizers
-classification -blood supply
-applied
4.Elbow joint
Spaces of HAND
-Mid palmar space
4.Thorax
Walls of thorax
1.Azygous vein**
2.Typical intercostal nerve*
The lungs
1.Bronchopulmonary segments***
2. Root of Right & Left lung*
3. Right lung -Mediastinal relations
BPS,histology
Mediastinum
1.Define mediastinum,classify*
2.Posterior & anterior mediastinum*
3.Superior mediastinum*
4.Development of arch of aorta*
Pericardium and Heart
1. Coronary sinus**
2. Left coronary artery**
3. Atrial septal defect*
4. Interior of right atrium,development*
5.Arterial & venous drainage of heart **
6. Coronary blood circulation
Superior vena cava*
-formation,tributaries
Arch of aorta****
Thoracic duct ***
Thoracic part of oesophagus
Thoracic part of trachea
Structures supplied by phrenic nerve
Diaphragm - openings**

4. 5. LOWER LIMB
Front of Thigh
1.Femoral Triangle
-femoral sheath***
-femoral canal**
-femoral hernia*
2. Femoral artery*
3. Sartorius**
4. Adductor/Hunter/subsartorial canal***
5. Femoral nerve
6. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes*
Medial side of Thigh
1.Obturator nerve*
2.Adductor magnus*
Gluteal region
1.Gluteus medius
2.Structures under cover of gluteus maximus*
3.Trendelenberg test*
Popliteal Fossa***
-boundaries,contents,applied
-popliteal artery**
-common peroneal nerve
-foot drop*
Back of thigh
1.Sciatic nerve****
2.Flexor of Knee joint*
3.Hamstring muscles
Front,lateral & medial sides of leg & Dorsum of Foot
1.Dorsalis pedis artery*
2.Deep peroneal nerve
Back of leg
1.Popliteus muscle****
2. Soleus muscle*
3. Gastrocnemius muscle**
4.Tibialis posterior*
Venous Drainage
1.Varicose veins**
2.Long saphenous vein***
3.Great saphenous vein*
4.Venous drainage of lower limb**
Joints of Lower Limb
1.Inversion & eversion of foot***
2.Knee Joint **
3.Housemaid’s knee*
4.Hip Joint *
5.Intra articular surface of knee joint
6.Ankle joint
Arches of Foot***
1.Medial Longitudinal arch
-Factors maintaining*
2.Lateral Longitudinal arch
Single * : The question appeared at least once in the past few years

5. 6.Abdomen & PELVIS
Sacral canal
Anterior abdominal wall
1.Rectus sheath**
2.Inguinal Canal**
3.Inguinal Hernia
4.Contents of spermatic cord*
5.Structures passing through Deep &
superficial inguinal ring*
6.Clinical importance of umbilicus*
7.Caput medusae*
8.Transpyloric plane
Male genital organ
1.Blood testis barrier*
2.Testis***
-Gross -histology -developement
-descent -applied
Abdominal cavity & peritoneum
1.Lesser omentum***
2.Lesser sac
3.Epiploic foramen*
Abdominal part of Oesophagus &
stomach
1. Stomach bed***
2. Stomach -****Blood supply, histology,
lymphatic,development,
Applied,relations
The Intestine
1.Mcburney’s point*
2.Appendix***
3.Meckel’s diverticulum*
4.Root of mesentry
5.2nd part of duodenum***
Large Blood vessels of Gut
1.Porto caval anastomosis**
2.porto-systemic anastomosis*
3.Portal vein -describe,tributaries
Extrahepatic Biliary Apparatus
-Gross,Histology,applied*
-Gall Bladder*
Spleen,Pancreas & Liver
1.Spleen -gross,histology,functions*
2.Liver -Ligaments,blood supply*
3.Head of pancreas -development***
4.Pancreas (full)
Kidney -**relations,congenital anomalies
Ureters
Suprarenal gland**-
histology,development,blood supply,applied
Diaphragm* -attachment,openings,blood
& nerve supply,applied
Posterior Abdominal Wall
1.Quadratus Lumborum*
2.Inferior vena cava -**tributaries &
development
The Perineum
1.Superficial Perineal pouch*
2.Ischiorectal fossa***
3.Pudendal/Alcock’s canal*
4.Perineal body*
Urinary Bladder & Urethra
1.Urinary Bladder -**Relations,interior
Arterial,venous supply,ligaments
2.Female urethra*
3.Male urethra*
Male reproductive Organ
1.Prostate Gland
2.Vas deferens

6. Female reproductive Organ
1.Tubectomy
2.Uterus -***supports,development &
Congenital anomalies,histology
3.Ovary -***relations,blood supply,
Histology,development
4.Anatomical basis of contraception*
5.Uterine tube -gross,development*
Anal canal & Rectum
1.Anal canal -***gross,interior,development
Applied,blood supply
Walls of pelvis
1.Pelvic diaphragm
2.Internal iliac artery
3.Hysterosalpingography
Joints
1.Types of cartilagenous joints**
2.Pivot joint
3.Synovial joints
4.Symphysis
5.Sutures*
Skeleton
1. Blood supply of long bone*
2. Sesamoid bone
3. Epiphysis**
7. GENERAL ANATOMY
Genetics
1.Barr body*
2. Karyotyping***
3. Kleinfelter syndrome*
4. Turner syndrome
5. Lyon’s Hypothesis
6.X linked recessive - pedigree characteristics
Note :You can follow the old bhalani for embryology & histology imp topics.
Multiple * : The question was asked quite frequently in the past years
This pdf also contains questions/imp topics from other university
papers. (The ones which don’t have *)
This pdf contains most of the MUHS previous year questions and is
made with reference from Unique’s Companion.

7. Physiology
1. General Physiology
1.Define homeostasis.**
2.Negative & positive feedback mechanism
-compare
3.Various transport mechanism across cell membrane*
4.Osmosis
5.Active transport*
6.Facilitated diffusion*
7.Na-K Pump -importance
8.Resting membrane potential -ionic basis of RMP
2.NERVE MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY
Action potential of Nerve
1.Draw & label nerve action potential
-ionic basis,genesis,phases of AP*
2.Well labelled diagram of neuron
Propagation of Impulse
1.Saltatory conduction*
2.Properties of nerve fibres*
3.Factors affecting nerve conduction velocity*
4.Classification of nerve fibres
Neuromuscular transmission
1. Draw & label NMJ,describe various events
at NMJ -clinical importance***
2.Myasthenia gravis -cause,treatment*
3.End plate potential -genesis
Excitation Contraction coupling
1.Sarcomere**
2.Note on excitation contraction coupling
-role of Calcium ions *
3.Sarcotubular system in skeletal muscle
Molecular basis of Skeletal
muscle contraction
-sliding filament theory**
-rigor mortis
Skeletal muscle
1. Compare and contract
-red & white muscle fibre
-isotonic & isometric contraction*
2.Motor unit*
3.Refractory period
4.Factors regulating force of
skeletal muscle contraction*

8. 3. Blood & its constituents
Plasma proteins -functions
RBC & Erythropoiesis
1.Describe erythropoiesis**
-Factors regulating
-Stages
2.Erythropoietin
Anaemia & Polycythemia
1.Classify types of anaemia*
-describe iron deficiency anaemia
2.Megaloblastic anaemia -treatment
3.Nutritional anaemia
White blood cells
1.Morphology,classification & functions
Of WBCs.
2.Leucopoiesis -note
3.Life cycle of WBCs
Immunity & Allergy
1.Define & classify immunity**
-role of different T cells
2.CD4 Cells
3.Enumerate function of T lymphocytes, *relevance of HIV infection to T
lymphocyte function
4.Primary & secondary immune respone *—role in vaccination
5.Humoral immunity*
Blood coagulation
1. Mechanism of blood coagulation***
2.Role of platelets in coagulation
3.Purpura & its causes
4.Define hemostasis
-mechanism of any 1 common anti-
coagulant used in clinical practice*
Blood groups
1.Landsteiner’s Law*
2.Mismatched blood transfusion**
3.Erythroblastosis foetalis*
4.Rhesus factor
5.Various blood grouping systems

9. 4. CVS
Properties of cardiac muscle*
-enumerate*
-why heart muscle cannot be tetanised
-ionic basis of autorhythmicity in SA node
Conduction of cardiac impulse
1.Role of AV Node & Purkinje fibres
2.Origin & spread of cardiac impulse
3.Heart block -types,explain AV Nodal block**
Normal Electrocardiogram**
1.Draw & label various waves in ECG lead II*
2.Describe normal ecg,how its recorded.**
3.Classify & describe leads used in ECG
4.Significance of P-R interval
Cardiac cycle***
1.Describe Phases of cardiac cycle*
-Pressure & volume changes occuring during
cardiac cycle
2.Ejection fraction*
3.Note on Heart sounds*
Cardiac output & venous return
1.Define cardiac output,factors affecting**
-method for measurement in man(Fick principle)
2.Factors controlling venous return*
3.Factors affecting stroke volume *
4.Define -cardiac index
Hemodynamics
1.Poiseuille’s law -significance
2.Peripheral resistance
Short term regulation of
arterial blood pressure
1.Define bp -factors determining**
2.Bainbridge Reflex
3.Baroreceptor mechanism**
4.CNS ishaemic response*
5.Mean bp -various short term
mechanisms regulating bp.**
Long term regulation of
arterial blood pressure
1.Renin-angiotensin mechanism*
2.Role of JGA in regulation of bp*
3.Explain long term regulation**
Coronary circulation
-peculiarities/features**
-factors regulating
-applied physiology
1. Angina pectoris*
2. Myocardial infarction -
*enumerate ecg changes in
infarction
3. Cardiorespiratory changes
during exercise *
Circulatory shock
1.Define & Classify *
shock,physiological basis of
treatment
2.Stages of shock
3.Describe hypovolemic shock**

10. 5.Respiratory system
Mechanics of breathing
1. Lung compliance -factors affecting*
2. Surfactant - functions & applied RDS*
3. Dead space -method of measuring it
4. Describe mechanics of respiration
5. Explain work of breathing**
6. Muscles of respiration
7. Note on obstructive lung disease*
Lung volume and capacities
1. Describe various lung volumes &
capacities
2. Functional residual capacity
Pulmonary ventilation *
Note on positive pressure breathing
Pulmonary circulation
Ventilation perfusion ratio*
Diffusion of gases
1. Describe various layers of respiratory
membrane- factors affecting gaseous
exchange**
Oxygen transport ***
1. Oxygen haemoglobin curve
-role of 2,3-BPG
-p50 value & right/left shift
2. Note on Bohr effect
3.Def ine & classify hypoxia
4.Describe oxygen debt
5.Explain method of Oxygen transport
Carbon dioxide transport***
1.Describe CO2 transport
2.Haldane effect
Chemical regulation of respiration
1.Peripheral chemoreceptors*
2.Tubuloglomerular feedback
3.Respiratory acidosis & alkalosis*
4.Describe chemical regulation**
5.Note on Kussmaul breathing*
Neural regulation of respiration
-describe**
1.Herring breuer reflex
2.Ondine’s curse
3.Periodic breathing*
Respiration in unusual environment
1.What is acclimatization*
2.Cardiorespiratory changes due to
acclimatization at high altitudes*
3.Acute mountain sickness
Cyanosis
Dyspnea
Asphyxia
6.Exercise Physiology
1.Cardiorespiratory changes during moderate
exercise**
2.VO2 Max*

11. 7.Renal Physiology
Functional anatomy of kidney
1.Juxta glomerular apparatus -functions
-well labelled diagram***
Renal Flow
1.Define GFR -dynamics,factors***
Affecting,methods of measuring GFR
2.Tubuloglomerular feedback &
Glomerulo-tubular balance
Tubular function
1.PCT*
2.Transport maximum.*
3.Mechanism of glucose reabsorption
In renal tubules**
4.Inulin clearance
5.Urea clearance
6.Functions of DCT*
Urine formation
1.Counter current mechanism**
2.Describe in detail handling of water
And sodium by kidney
3.Milieu interior, role of kidney in
Maintaining osmolarity of body fluid
Role of JGA in regulation of blood
pressure*
Role of kidney in regulation of pH
Of body fluids
Blood buffers
Micturition
-Innervation of urinary bladder
-micturition relfex***
-abnormalities
-cystometrography
-atonic bladder
8. GIT
Salivary glands & secretion
1.Functions & composition of saliva*
2.Regulation of saliva secretion*Gastric secretions
1.Mechanism of HCL secretion****
2.Functions of HCL
3.Peptic ulcer -etiology & treatment**
4.Various gastrointestinal hormones*
5.Compostion of gastric secretion &
Regulation*
Exocrine pancreas
1. Functionas,composition &
Regulation of pancreatic juice*
2.Note on CCK-PZ
Functions of Liver
1.Function & composition of bile salts*
2.Regulation of biliary secretion
3.Emptying of gall bladder
4.Various functions of liver

12. GI motility
1.Deglutition-define,stages*
2.Movements of small intestine*
3.Movements of large intestine*
4.Defecation reflex**
5.Gastric emptying
6.Regulation of GI Motility*
7.Deglutition reflex*
8.Peristaltic rush
9.Achalasia cardia*
9.Endocrine system
Anterior pituitary & hypothalamus
1.Growth hormone -mechanism of
Action,regulation,applied***
2.Dwarfism ,Gigantism,acromegaly*
3.Enumerate hormones of Anterior pituitary*
Posterior pituitary
1.ADH -role,factors stimulating secretion,
Regulation*
2. Physiological basis of diabetes insipidus*
3. Functions of oxytocin
Thyroid gland
1.Thyroid hormone -synthesis,regulation
-Functions of thyroid hormone***
2.Cretinism*
3.Hyperthyroidism note*
4.Physiological basis of anti thyroid drugs
5.Differences between pituitary & thyroid
Dwarf
Calcium homeostasis
1.Function & regulation of parathyroid hormone*
2.What is Tetany? Name & explain signs of tetany
-treatment**
3.Describe regulation of calcium level in body.**
4.Note on osteoporosis
5.Note on rickets
Adrenal cortex
1.Enumerate hormones of adrenal
cortex.
2.Aldosterone -functions,regulation
3.Cushing’s syndrome*
4.Physiological actions of
glucocorticoids*
Endocrine pancreas
1.Difference between diabetes
mellitus & insipidus**
2.Insulin functions
3.Physiological basis of polyuria in
diabetes

13. 10.Reproductive system
Testosterone
1.Spermatogenesis -stages,factors
Regulating (hormonal)***
2.Actions of testosterone
Female physiology before Pregnancy
1.Define ovulation,mechanism,indicators*
2.Contraception methods**
-oral contraceptives (action)
3.Define menstrual cycle,various phases
with hormonal regulation**
4.Cyclic changes in uterus during
reproductive life
Describe functions of placenta
-enumerate hormones secreted by
placenta
Physiology of lactation
Parturition,role of oxytocin.
11.Central nervous system
Synapse
1.Properties of synapse*
2.Presynaptic inhibition -advantage*
3.Synaptic transmission
4.Occlusion & subliminal fringe
Sensory receptors
1.Enumerate different types of
Sensory receptors,*
2.Properties of receptors*
Somato-sensory pathways
1.Enumerate various ascending tracts*
2.Dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway
-origin,course,termination,applied**
3.Functions of Tract of Gall & Burdach
Pain & Temperature
1. Compare Fast & slow pain*
2.Transmission of pain through*
neospinothalamic Pathway
3.Descending pain inhibiting system
4.Different types of pain,Referred pain-
examples,***
5.Basis of Phantom limb*
6.Analgesia system of brain*
7.Thalamic syndrome
Muscle spindle*
-Draw & label,functions of Muscle spindle
1. Define Stretch reflex & role in
maintaining muscle tone*
Pyramidal tract
-Origin,course,termination,applied**
-Note on Upper motor neuron lesion
-Differentiate between UMN & LMN
lesion*
Motor reflexes
1.Draw & label reflex arc of stretch
reflex
2.Classify reflexes

14. Regulation of tone & posture
Define tone of muscle.*
-spinal & supraspinal mechanism of
Regulation of tone.*
-decerabrate rigidity
Cerebellum*
-Functions & connections
-cerebellar ataxia
Basal ganglia*
-Functions & connections
-Note on Parkinson’s disease
Hypothalamus*
-functions
EEG
-Write a note on EEG
-waves in EEG*
Sleep
-REM & NREM Sleep*
Learning & memory
1.Wernicke’s area
2.Define aphasia*, difference between
sensory & motor aphasia*
3.Alzhimer’s disease
4.Define & classify memory,mechanisms
of memory*
12.Special senses
Taste & smell
1.Taste bud
2.Pathway of taste sensation*
3.Neural pathway for smell sensation*
Hearing
1.Describe structure of Organ of corti**
2.Functions of middle ear**
3.Causes of conductive deafness -tests
for it*
4.Attenuation & significance*
5.Mechanism of hearing ,note on pitch
Discrimination, impedance matching
mechanism**
Eye
1.Accomodation -reflex pathway***
2.Note on presbyopia
3.Errors of refraction*
-myopia,astigmatism
4.Argyl robertson pupil & its basis
Retina
1.Dark adaptation**-curve,significance
2.Photochemistry of vision*
3.Color vision*
4.Theories of color vision & color
blindness
13.Body temperature regulation
1.Role of hypothalamus in temp
regulation***
2.Shell temperature & core temperature*
3.Heat loss mechanism*
4.Heat stroke -treatment ,pyrexia*
5.Body response to cold temperature**
6.Different thermoreceptors
7.Induced hypothermia -note

15. Biochemistry
Amino acids & proteins
1.Biologically important peptides**
2.Different structures of protein
-Secondary & tertiary**
3.Conjugation*
4.Important aminotransferases
5.Isoelectric pH
6.Functional & nutritional classification
Of proteins*
Enzymes
1.Diagnostic enzymes in cardiac
Diseases**
2.Isoenzymes -diagnostic importance***
-with suitable examples
3.Coenzyme
4.Enzyme inhibition*
-Competitive & Non competitive
5.Define activation energy*
-Formation of ES Complex with diagram
6.Classification of enzymes*
Carbohydrates
1.Glycosaminoglycans & significance****
2.Biomedical importance of
-Cholesterol & Hyaluronic acid
3.Reducing property of monosaccharide
Lipids
1.Classification of phospholipids
-with examples***
2.Lipoproteins*
3.Biologically important steroids
4.Name essential fatty acids
-why are they called essential?
Carbohydrate metabolism
1.HMP Shunt & its significance
-regulation ,why its called
multifunctional ?****
2.Glycogenesis & Glycogenolysis*
-regulation
3.Glycogen storage diseases**
4.Glycolytic pathway in RBCs*
5.TCA Cycle & its energetics
6.Gluconeogenesis *
7.Rapaport Leubering cycle**
-siginificance
8.Cori’s cycle -importance
Lipid metabolism
1.Beta oxidation of fatty acid**
-energetics
2.Enumerate ketone bodies*
-formation & fate
-Note on ketosis*
3.de novo synthesis of FAs*
4.Fatty liver**
5.Lipotropic factors*
Cholesterol & Lipoproteins
1.Biosynthesis & regulation of
cholesterol.***
-state important functions
2.LDL & HDL
-role in atherosclerosis*
3.Formation & transport of
chylomicrons *
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
-Important functions
-enzyme deficient in & clinical
manifestations of Niemann-Pick’s
disease

16. Amino acid metabolism
1.Formation & fate of ammonia(Urea cycle)**
2.Transamination & transmethylation**
Reactions in brief
3.Disorders of urea cycle
4.Deamination
5.Metabolism of glycine***
6.Formation of creatine
7.Metabolism of Phenylalanine**
8.Metabolism of Tyrosine**
9. Note on Alkaptonuria & Phenylketonuria**
Biological Oxidation & ETC
1.Oxidative phosphorylation*
-note on thermogenin
2.Uncouplers **
3.ETC -describe,functions,inhibitors***
4.Formation of acetyl CoA from pyruvate
5.Malate aspartate shuttle*
6.Substrate level phosphorylation*
Heme metabolism
1.Heme synthesis & regulation***
-note on acute intermittent porphyria
2.Degradation of heme*
3.Hemolytic Jaundice
4.Hemoglobinopathies*
5.Biochemical basis of Sickle cell anaemia
6.Formation & fate of bilirubin*
7.Methaemoglobin
Liver Function Tests
1.Role of various enzymes in LFT**
2.Test based on detoxification*
-excretory function*
Kidney Function Tests
1.Urea clearance test*
2.Creatinine clearance test*
Plasma Proteins
1.Immunoglobulins -types, diagram
& features. Explain any one in
detail **
2.Functions of plasma proteins*
Acid Base balance
1.Metabolic acidosis & alkalosis***
2.Buffer systems**
3.Role of kidney in maintaining acid-
base balance*
4.Regulation of acid base balance*
Water & Electrolyte balance
1.Note on dehydration**
-Primary & Secondary dehyd.
2.Water balance & regulation*
Free radicals & antioxidants
1.Antioxidant vitamins & enzymes*
2.Antioxidants*
3.Name & explain free radicals
Detoxification
1.What are xenobiotics***
-how are they detoxified?(phases
of detoxification)
Vitamins
1.Vit A **-
sources,functions,deficiency
-Wald’s Visual cycle
2.Vit D **
-Sources,RDA,chemistry,functions,
deficiency
3.Enumerate B-complex vitamins
-study all b-complex vitamins
4.Vitamin C **
Digestion & absorption
-Lactose intolerance

17. Mineral metabolism
1.Iron -dietary sources,role,absorption**
Disease manifestation,iron homeostasis
2.Calcium -sources,functions, RDA
Disease manifestation .***
-factors influencing Ca absorption
3.Zinc *
4. Copper -Cu containing enzymes (name)*
5.Functions of phosphorus
6.Regulation of serum calcium levels**
Energy metabolism & Nutrition
1.Protein energy malnutrition***
-Kwashiorkar & Marasmus
2.Uses of dietary fibres *
3. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) **
Nucleotide metabolism
1.Salvage pathway of Purine synthesis**
2.Catabolism of purine*
3.Biologically important nucleotides **
4.Hyperuricemia
5.Primary & secondary gout**
DNA
1.Process of DNA replication**
-inhibitors of replication
2.Chargaff’s rule*
Transcription & translation
1.Different types of RNA -enumerate*
2.Structure of tRNA -diagram & functions
3.Protein biosynthesis in prokaryotes*
-regulation & inhibitors
4.What is ribosome, role in translation*
-Antibiotics which act on ribosome
5.Reverse transcription -short note
Mutation & Inheritance
1.Genetic code - features***
2.Lac Operon*
3.Point mutations
RDNA technology (Only
BAQs & SAQ)
1.Application of recombinant
DNA technology **
2.What is RDNA technology?
Hormones
1.Secondary messengers**
-note on cyclic AMP
2.Hormonal regulation of blood
glucose *
3.Mechanism of action of
steroid hormones
4.Mechanism of Hydrophilic
hormones
5.Mechanism of Group II
hormones
Cancer
1.Tumour markers -enumerate**
2.Proto oncogenes & oncogenes*
3,Chemical carcinogens*
Special techniques
1.Electrophoresis**
2.Chromatography -types*
3.Principle & use of Flame*
photometer
Starvation***
Radioactive isotopes*
-diagnostic & therapeutic use