BANANA BREEDING.pptx

Here I am uploading lecture on Banana Breeding.

1. INNOVATIVE APPROACHES IN FRUIT BREEDING CROP: BANANA CREDIT CODE: FSC 601 CREDIT HOURS: 3 + PRESENTED BY : REETIKA SHARMA (J-21-D-454-A)

2. INTRODUCTION Scientific name: Musa spp . Family: Musaceae Chromosome no. 2n = 2X = 22,33,44 (33: Cultivated type) Origin: Indo-Malayan (South East Asia) Apple of Paradise Hey.. Friends one point to be noticed about me that I am a heavy feeder of Potassium

3. ANTIQUE FRUIT CROP APPLE OF PARADISE TREE OF WISDOM ADAMS FIG TREE OF PARADISE PLANT OF VIRTUE

4. Hotspots of Banana West Africa East Africa

5. CURRENT SCENARIO AREA INDIA : 923 000’ Ha PRODUCTION INDIA : 33379 000’ MT SOURCE: NATIONAL HORTICULTURE BOARD , 2020-21 (THIRD ADVANCE ESTIMATES) OF AREA AND PRODUCTION OF HORTICULTURE CROPS

6. International Production : Bananas PRODUCTION (MT) INDIA : 31504 CHINA : 11513 INDONESIA : 8182 BRAZIL : 6637 ECUADOR : 6023 PHILLIPINES : 5955 GUATEMALA : 4476 ANGOLA : 4115 TANZANIA : 3419 COSTA RICA : 2528 SHARE (%) INDIA : 26.29 CHINA : 9.61 INDONESIA : 6.83 BRAZIL : 5.54 ECUADOR : 5.03 PHILLIPINES : 4.97 GUATEMALA : 3.74 ANGOLA : 3.43 TANZANIA : 2.85 COSTA RICA : 2.11 SOURCE: Food & Agricultural Organisation (FAO ), 2020

7. The work on banana breeding started in Trinidad, West Indies in1922 and in Jamaica in 1924. The major objective of this work was to develop improved Fussarium wilt resistant banana for export trade. 1949 : First hybridization work was initiated at Central Banana Research Station, Aduthurai , Tamil Nadu . AREA OF BANANA BREEDING WORK BEGINS

8. Origin and center of diversity Plants of Musaceae family as a whole originated in hot regions of Tropical South East Asia (Simmonds, 1962). Malayan region is considered as the primary centre of origin of Musa accuminata (AA, AAA cultivars) and from there it spread to Burma and India where Musa bulbisiana is the native in Indo- Burman peripheral areas, natural hybridization between Musa accuminata and Musa bulbisiana types occurred. Thus, India is regarded as the major centre of origin for more than 300 types ( AB , AAB and ABB cultivars). Presently more than 600 types of cultivated and wild types are reported.

9. The present day banana cultivars have evolved through natural hybridization, mutation and polyploidy which are perpetuated through vegetative propagation. Presently, the cultivars of banana has spread through the warmer countries situated in the region between 30 N and 30 S of equator. It is grown in around 130 countries spread across Asia, Latin America, Africa, Australia . CONTINUE….

10. M. acuminata M. balbisiana AA BB AB AAA ABB AAB PARTHENOCARPY ABNORMAL MEIOSIS

11. Germplasm Resources Singh (1989) reported that the collection of different genomic groups belonging Musa genotypes in India as mentioned below: Related species and genomic group: Number Musa wild species 06 Musa AA group 08 Musa AAA group 48 (commercial or cultivated spp.) Musa AAAA group 01 Musa BB group 01 Musa AB group 12

12. Musa AAB group 84 (commercial or cultivated spp ) Musa ABB group 78 (commercial or cultivated spp ) Musa ABBB group 03 Unidentified 52 CONTINUE……..

13. The germplasm resources has been conserved in field gene banks as well as in tissue culture form in labs in different national institutes and SAU’s. IIHR, Bengaluru 250 TNAU, Coimbatore 243 Banana Research Station, Kanara 256 AICRP-(TF )- Centre , Arabhavi 64 CHES, Ranchi 109 FRS, Kahikuchi (AAU) 95

14. Banana research station, HAJIPUR 115 GAU, Gandevi 79 BRS, Kovvur (AAU) 51 NRC, Trichy (TN) 597 NBPGR , Trichur 412 Rajendra Agriculture University 81

15. SEED STORAGE FIELD GENE BANK IN VITRO CONSERVATION ONLY FOR WILD SPECIES SEEDS ARE ORTHODOX IN THEIR STORAGE CRYOGENIC STORAGE EASILY CHRACTERISED AND EVALUATED VULNERABLE TO ATTACK BY PESTS AND DISEASES ACCESSIONS LOST FROM FIELD COLLECTIONS DUE TO NATURAL DISASTERS MAINTAINED AS STERILE PLANTLETS ON A NUTRIENT MEDIUM UNDER SUITABLE EBNVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS LARGEST COLLECTION MAINTAINED BY INIBAP

16. CRYOPRESERVATION PROMISING OPTION PROTECTS FROM CONTAMINATION MERISTEMS SHOULD BE PRESERVED IN LIQUID NITROGEN (-196 DEGREE CELSIUS) WITHOUT MODIFICATIONS PLANT MATERIAL CAN BE STORED SUITABLE FOR A RANGE OF MUSA GENOTYPES MORE PRACTICAL FOR LONGTERM STORAGE

17. Yield equal to present Cavendish varieties Quality, especially finger length, finger curvature and finger pedicel strength, equal to present Cavendish varieties Flavour ripening and carrying qualities similar to present varieties Pseudostem height similar to Grand Nain or atleast less than the Cavendish varieties such as Velery , Poyo and Robusta Foliage characteristics and production effeciency not inferior to Grand nain Resistances to all known races of Fusarium wilt , Sigatoka , leaf spots and also tolerance to Radopholus similis . Stover and Simmonds (1987) have presented a list of plant characters that have potential value in breeding an ideotype for export trade.

18. Robinson, 1996 states that Grand Nain is not ideal in all aspects because it is highly susceptible to black sigatoka disease, race 4 of Fusarium wilt, burrowing menatode and Bunchy top virus and also susceptible to drought or cold resistant. Incresed dwarfness Drought tolerance Low temperature tolerance (below 16 degree celsius ) for sub tropical regions Resistance to black sigatoka , Fusarium wilt , burrowing nematode and weevil borer Reduce dependency of chemicals Yield, harvest index and finger length better than Grand Nain Ripening, transport quality and storability of fruits equal to or better than Grand Nain.

19. Objectives of Breeding To develop dwarf stature banana suitable for HDP and to prevent damage through high wind velocity. Production of good quality fruits. Resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses that is nematode, panama wilt, bunchy top, sigatoka, moko disease, rhizome weevil etc. To develop varieties with wider agro-ecological or wider adoptability, varieties with low water requirements . To develop male fertile parthenocarpic diploids with resistance to major diseases and pests. To develop balanced bunch with longer finger length, suitability for export market. Good keeping quality.

20. Banana is a herbaceous monocot consists of pseudostem, rhizome, leaf blades and inflorescence. Rhizome is a real stem on which large number of buds or eyes develop. Initiation of banana inflorescence and bunch takes place in the heart of pseudostem. The genes Musa has 50 species and this is further divided into 5 section.

21. 1 . Emusa : This includes 13-15 species of edible and wild banana. The chromosome number is 2n=22 in wild species and most of the cultivated varieties are having 2n=33( Triploids). Musa accuminata Musa balbisiana Musa basjoo 2. Rhodoclamys : It consists of 5-7 species mostly diplod spread from India to Indonasia . Parthenocarpy is absent in this group. Musa ornate Musa velutina . EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE:

22. 3. Callimusa : This is of ornamental value x=10, 2x=20. It is found in Indo-china, Malaya and Bronco. Parthenocarpy is absent in this group. Musa coccinea , it includes 5-6 species. 4. Australimusa : 2X = 20 species of this group is common in queensland to philiphines . Important species are Musa textiles abaca or mamilahemp. Musa maclayi . EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE:

23. 5. Incerta seedis : It includes Musa ingens ( x=7 , 2n = 14) of New guinea which grows to a height of over 10 m. This is the largest known herb. Another species in this group is Musa beccarii ( x=9 , 2n = 18 ) from North Borneo.

24. Genomic Classification Most of the edible cultivars of banana are derived from interspecific and intraspecific hybridization between Musa accuminata and Musa bulbisiana . Majority of them are triploids and sterile (2n=3x=33) and few are tetraploids . Some of local types which are popular diploids. All banana and plantain landraces are formers selection from hybridization of Musa accuminata and Musa balbisiana . which contributes A and B genomes respectively .

25. Scoring technique Simmonds and S hepords 1955 reported a scoring technique to indicate the relative contribution of 2 wild species for the constitution of a given cultivar. 15 distinguishing characters between M. acuminate and M. balbisiana were identified by them. Score 1 was given for each character to which cultivar agreed with Musa accuminata and score 5 was given for each character to which agreed to Musa balbisiana . Intermediate expression of the character were assigned scores of 2 , 3 or 4 depending to their intensity.

26. According to this technique, the score ranges from 15 ( 15 x 1 ) for Musa accuminata to 75 (15 x 5) for Musa balbisiana cultivars would have larger score if it were derived from Musa balbisiana and scores will be smaller if it is derived from Musa accuminata . Depending upon the contribution of these two parents to the constitution of the progeny and combining their chromosomal status. The naturally occurring banana can be grouped in 7 categories as follows :

27. Sl No . Genome constitution Ploidy level Score and nomenclature 1. AA 2X 16-23 Eg : Matti , Kadali 2. AAA 3X 15-21 Eg : Gross Michel , Cavendish and Robusta 3. AAAA 4X 15-20 Eg: Bodless altaforte (synthetic hybrid of West Indies ) 4. AB 2X 46-49 Eg : Neypoovan 5. AAB 3X 24-46 Eg : Champa 6. ABB 3X 59-63 Eg : Kanchkela BBB 3X Saba 7. ABBB 4X 63-69 Eg : Klueteparad AAAB 4X Alan AABB 4X Kalamagol

28. 1.AA Cultivars Lady finger/ Finger banana/ Sugar banana Latakan.

29. 2.AB Cultivar Yelakki / Ney Poovan

30. 3.AAA Cultivars Gross michael Grand naine Robusta a ) Cavandish sub group

31. b) Red banana sub group (AAA) c) Raja bale group

32. 'Mysore', also known as ' Fillbasket ' and ' Poovan '. Other common names: ' Mysore', also known as ' Pisang Keling ', 'Thousand Grain', ' Fillbasket '.  It is thought to have been introduced into Dominice in 1900 but the only place where it is of any importance in the New World is Trinidad where it is cultivated as shade for cacao . The plant is large and vigorous, immune to Panama disease and nearly so to Sigatoka ; very hardy and drought tolerant. It bears large, compact bunches of medium sized, plump, thin skinned, attractive, bright yellow fruits of subacid flavor . 4.AAB Group a) Mysore sub group

33. Latundan ' is a popular dessert banana in the Philippines . ' Tundan ' (Philippines), ' Pisang Rastali ' (Malaysia) b ) Silk subgroup

34. Pome cultivars are common in India and Brazil (where it is known as Prata ). In Australia, the Pome cultivar ' Pacha Nadan ' is marketed under the name Lady's Finger. The fruit bunch develops at an angle while the rachis points vertically down. The fruit apex is often bottle-necked. c) Pome Group

35. d) P lantain Group French plantain Horn Plantain

36. The fruit is named for its flavour and texture, sweet and smooth.  When fully ripe, the flesh can be eaten with a spoon.  Externally, the fruit is colored a silver-green, due to a heavy coating of wax. Like tall bananas of the ABB Group, are wind resistant because of their strong pseudostems and root systems. The fruit bunches are small, bearing seven to nine hands. The fruit are 7 to 9 inches in length and exhibit a characteristic silvery blue color when unripe. 5 . ABB Group Blue java

37. This is the most widely disseminated ABB cultivar; 70% of all bananas that are grown in Thailand are of this clone. It is vigorous and tolerates adverse conditions, especially drought, but is susceptible to race 1 of Panama disease. ABB Group Pisang Awak

38. The bunch stalk is relatively short. The bunches are extremely compact with dozens of small angular bananas tightly grown together. Fruit tips are blunt. This‘Saba’is very tall,17 to >20 ft in height . 6.BBB Group Saba type

39. Numerical taxanomy based on genomic contribution and ploidy , Simmonds and Weatherup 1990 confirmed that musa landraces should be designated as: AAA -Desert banana ( Cavendish group ) -Cooking and Beer bananas of East Africa. AAB - Plantain - Desert banana of Brazil and India ABB -Cooking bananas of Asia Note: The best edible banana and most preferred cultivars in export must belong to AAA group.

40. Floral biology The inflorescence is a complex spike , consist of large number of proximal clusters of female flowers which develop into edible fruits. Numerous male flowers usually in clusters are initiated at the distal most end. In every cluster a single common bract covers the flowers which are present in 2 whorls. Among these female ones opens first at a very slow rate and by the time male flowers open the stigma receptive stage of female has already lapsed.

41. The female flowers have a characteristics yellow white or creamish perianth a well developed 3 locular inferior ovary with large number of ovules, a single large style , stigma in 2 lobed and 5 staminoids . In contrast the male flower has 5 stamens long anthers and one abortive ovary. Male flowers

42. The seed formation in wild banana is of great importance as the pulp development is related to number of developing seed. The edible bananas are vegetatively parthenocarpic and develop without pollination as their ovules shrivels at an early stage of growth , and viable pollen is not produced.

43. The edible banana are generally sterile , despite the fact that large quantity of pollen is produced, the sterility including factors vary from clone to clone and is primarily influenced by ploidy level and genomic constitution whether mono or bispecific . Although large number of pollen grains are produced but being large in size and sticky in nature , they rapidly loose their viability and lack long storage.

44. Reasons for seedlessness in edible banana : Vegetative parthenocarpy. Development of fruit without pollination. Differential time of flower opening ( female open first and male towards end ), stigma receptivity elapses. S hriveling of ovules at an early stage. V iable pollens are not produced ( pollen grains are large and sticky –rapidly loose their viability )

45. The plantain land races have been defined in 4 sub group based on their morphology of inflorescence i.e. French horn plantain : I nflorescence is complete, hands consisting of large finger and many hermaphrodite flowers. Eg : Boofa , Koi etc. French plantain : C omplete inflorescence, at maturity hands having many fruits . inflorescence axis covered with persisting hermaphrodite and male flowers. Male bud is large and persistant . Eg : Nendran

46. True horn plantain : Incomplete inflorescence , hermaphrodite and male flowers are absent. Inflorescence axis terminates in a tail or deformed glomerales . Eg : Gabon-3 , One hand planty . False horn plantain : I nflorescence is incomplete, hands consisting of large fingers followed by few hermaphrodite flowers. Eg : Agbaba , Esang corne

47. Floral biology Banana produces spadix types of inflorescence. It produces a series of different types of flowers i.e , female ,hermaphrodite and male in the same floral stalk. Chalakyan in 1961 reported a dual factor hypothesis for flowering which suits banana. According to this one Gibberllin - like substance acts upon the growth and elongation of main stem and the other Anthesin acts as flowering harmone to produce flower. Most common types of inflorescence consists of pistillate .

48. PISTILLATE FLOWER

49. I type :- Flowers at basal portion which develops into fruits with deciduous staminate flowers towards distal end. Some times male buds continue to produce staminate flowers till the fruits ripen but in some groups heart withers and rib dries up long before maturity of the bud. Eg : Poovan , Monthan and Kadali II type :- Group of inflorescence does not consists of male bud. The whole inflorescence bears pistillate flowers and hence all the flowers into fruits. Eg : Kunnan , Ayirank-Rasthali and Moongli III type :- Basal flowers develop into fruits followed by persistant male flower consisting of green rudimentary ovaries with persistant perianth and bracts. Eg : Dwarf Cavendish , Nendran and Kunnan etc .

50. IV type:- Basal portion is having female flowers develop into fruits followed by persistant male flowers which is again followed by deciduous male flowers. The bracts of persistant male flowers are deciduous. Eg : Rasthali , Chakkarakeli Ovary :- T rilocular with axile placentation . Note : Edible bananas fruits are parthenocarpic and developed without pollination. Seeded type- Pollination-bees and birds .

51. AXILE PLACENTATION

52. Inheritance pattern : Edibility in cultivated banana is a result of combination of seedlessness and parthenocarpy and is not associated with polyploidy since edible diploids which are seedless ( AA- Pisang linin ) and (AB - Yelakki bale/ Ney Poovan ) do exists. In addition edible bananas are mostly sterile from both male and female sexes with some exceptions parthenocarpy does not appears in M.balbisiana . Parthenocarpy is controlled by single dominant gene.

53. Breeding methods and achievements: 1.Introduction: Some of introduction made to bring resistance source to biotic stresses like resistance to bunchy top virus. Eg : Lady finger ( EC 160160) from Australia Nain MS – France , Velery from West Indies FHIA hybrids – Honduras (screening for wilt resistance , leaf spot and high yield )  

54. Hybridization In India hybridization work started at CBRS , A dulthurai Tamil N adu in 1949. Afterwards were carried at different places including IIHR , NRC , TNAU and KAU. Peak anthesis : 7:00 to 10:00 am , therefore pollination is carried out during this period. The undehised anther of male flower are collected and twisted gently to force them to dehisce. Using a soft hair brush the pollen grain are taken out and smeared gently over the stigmatic surface of the female flowers opened on the day of pollination. The pollination flowers are to be covered with soft cloth bag . Most of the seeds (74.9%) are found in 1/3 part of the distal end of first and about 20.9% in 1/3 mid parts and the rest at 4.2% in the proximal 1/3 .

55. Triploid breeding : The crossing of diploid and tetraploids results in the production of triploid having three sets of chromosomes, one from one parent and two from another parent. Natural AAA triploid arose from the AA cultivars by chromosomal restitution at meiosis as a evolutionary ovary.  

56. Tetraploid breeding: Tetraploids are bred by crossing a triploid female (High gate AAA) with diploid male (AA or AB). AAA × AA/AB AAAA/AAAB (Diploids obtained from these crosses are recovered and doubled by colchicin treatment to produce tetraploids .)

57. A number of good tetraploids clones exists but are yet to be exploited. Important tetraploids for commercial adoption are E.g. Gold finger (FHIA-01-AAAB) FHIA-02-AAAA FHIA-03-AABB FHIA-17 , FHIA-21 BITA-1, BITA-2.

58. Mutation breeding: Several natural sports of well established commercial clones have been recognized. E.g High gate (AAA) : is a semi dwarf mutant of Gross Michel(AAA). Motta Poovan : sport of Poovan (AAB). Aiyiranka Rasthali : Rasthali (silk). Barhari Malbhog : Malbhog . Krishna Vazhai : Virupaksha . Smbrani monthan : Monthan . Novaria :developed through gamma irradiation of the clone Grand Naine (early flowering with high bunch yield)

59. Biotechnology : Plant tissue culture and molecular biology techniques are applied to enhance the handling and improvement of Banana. Important application of a cell biology are micropropogation for rapid multiplication and germplasm exchange, embryo culture/rescue for invitro seed germination, cryopreservation of germplasm and genome manipulation through genetic engineering using cell suspension or protoplast culture. A gene responsible for production of vaccine used in immunization has been transferred into commercial variety producing vaccine.

60. Research Centers FHIA : Fundacian Hondurena de Investigation Agricola.Honduras (1959) IITA : International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Nigeria. EMBRAPA : Empresa Brasilliera de persquisa Agropecauria das Almas , Brazil(1982). CIRAD : la eecherche Agromomique pour le Development. France ( 1983). TBRI : Taiwan Banana Research Institute. Taiwan (1971) NRC on Banana : National Research centre for Banana. Trichur (TN) 1994.

61. Sources of resistance: Name of clone/cultivars Name of biotic and abiotic stresses M. bulbisiana :Drought. Culcutta-4 :Black sigatoka Pisang Lilin : Panama wilt (Race-1) SH3142 (Triploid hybrid) : Resistance race of Fusarium . M.accuminata sp malacensis :Resistance race 1 and 2 of Fusarium . M. accuminata sp burmaniac :Resistance Bacterial wilt race-2, Moko disease. SH 699 Pisang Jari Buaya : Resistance Burrowing Nematode. Tangat , Anaikomban :Resistance for Nematode.

62. Important Hybrids of Banana: H-1 : Agnishwar X Pisang Linin Short cropping cycle, resistant to , fusarium wilt, leaf spot and burrowing nematode. Developed by KAU, Kanara . Early ratiooning ability, average bunch weight- 14 to 16kg. H-2 : Vannan X Pisang Lilin - KAU, Kanara . Tollerant to leaf spot and Nematode 15-20 kg.  

63. CO-1 : Kadali X ( Kallar Ladan X M. bulbisiana clones called Sawai ) Promising Pome hybrid-TNAU. It retains typical apple flavor of Virupakshi even when grow in plains.   Belongs to AAAB group . Fruits have apple flavour , highly resistant to Black sigatoka, Fusarium wilt and burrowing Nematodes. Belongs to AAAA group , highly resistant to sigatoka but susceptible to fusarium wilt.

64. 1 . FHIA-1 – (SH 3142 X Dwarf Prata ) Its full designation is Musa acuminata × balbisiana (AAAB Group) 'FHIA-01 Goldfinger '.(specifically against the black sigatoka ) and crop-yielding. 'FHIA-01' plants are cold- and wind-tolerant and produce higher quality fruits in sub-tropical, than tropical, conditions. 'FHIA-01' is tolerant/resistant to Fusarium wilt and black leaf streak (black Sigatoka) and susceptible to Sigatoka leaf spot (yellow sigatoka) and nematodes.

65. 2 . FHIA- 2 – Williams X SH-3393 Also known as 'Mona Lisa'. ‘FHIA-02’ plants can be distinguished by their reddish pseudostem that has no, or very few, blotches, and petiole channels that are fully open. 'FHIA-02' is used as a dessert banana. 

66. 3 . FHIA-03 Also named 'Sweetheart'. 'FHIA-03' was released by FHIA in 1987 and is a dwarf cooking banana, bred from parents in the Bluggoe sub-group. 'FHIA-03' can be distinguished by the pseudostem colour which is bright light green with no, or very few, blotches. 'FHIA-03' is the only FHIA hybrid with this characteristic.

67. 3.FHIA-03

68. 4 . FHIA-17 It has excellent agronomic performance and is considered to be resistant to Mycosphaerella fungi, tolerant to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense and banana weevil and susceptible to Banana bunchy top virus, Xanthomonas campestris pv . musacearum and the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis . 'FHIA-17' is a dessert banana that tastes similar to 'Gross Michel', one of its parent cultivars, but has softer flesh.

69. 4 . FHIA-17

70. 5 . FHIA-25 'FHIA-25' is a cooking banana that was selected in 1997. It was bred by FHIA to be resistant to black leaf streak. The plant is short ( 2.5 to 3 m) and pseudostem is green to light green with more or less abundant dark brown blotches.

71. ICTA- Trinidad: IC-2 : Gross Michel (AAA) X AA(wild) Bodless Altafort : 2x X 2x FHIA- Honduras: FHIA-1 to FHIA -27 EMBRAPA Brazil: Psionia - Poovan (2x) X wild(2x) Caiprh : 4x X 2x IITA Nigeria: BITA-1,2 - AAB X AA PITA -1 - ABB X AA PITA 5 - 4x X 4x PITA 7 - 3x X 4x

72. NEWS ARTICLES

73. The latest variant of the fusarium wilt disease, called Tropical Race 4 (TR4), can “survive for decades in the soil, making it difficult to control,” the IAEA says. The focus on mutation breeding reflects that developing and deploying “new banana varieties with effective disease resistance” is the only long-term response to the disease. The IAEA will be supporting the affected countries over the next five years in disease detection, surveillance, and containment with the help of nuclear and related technologies.

74. Future Outcomes Explore and collect genetic stocks in poorly explored areas and diverse ecologies • Characterize and evaluate genetic stocks of potential interest in diverse ecologies • Make available a wide spectrum of genetic resources to breeders, including outsider specimens of interest.

75. Characterize fruit qualities of diploid germplasm Foster research on the genetics of fruit quality traits Share knowledge among the breeders of the performance of genetic stocks used in breeding Facilitate the exchange of basic genetic stocks of breeding interest Encourage and facilitate the sharing of improved diploids between breeding programs