१३‍‍‍‍‌.२ basic computer, internet and journal.pptx

१३‍‍‍‍‌.२ basic computer, internet and journal.pptx

1. v 08 vM z} lIfs Joj:yfkg / lzIf0f k|lqmof !#= ;" rgf tyf ;~ rf / k|ljlw k|: t't stf { M lzjxl / g] kfn 9/9/2024 Janjyoti Multiple Campus, Lalbandi sarlahi 1 lgDgdfWolds txsf ] cWofkg cg'dltkqsf ] - Teaching license _ tof /L sIff @)*!

2. ljifo ;' lr - ;" rgf tyf ;~ rf / k|ljlw _ lzIf0f l;sfOdf ;" rgf , ;~ rf / k|ljlwsf ] cfjZostf / k|of ]u . lzIf0f l;sfOdf sDKo"6/, OG6/g]6 / hg{ nsf ] k|of ]u . sDKo"6/ df clkm ; Kofs ]h, sDKo"6/ pkof ]u u/L lzIf0f l;sfOdf pkof ]u ug ]{ ; fdu|L lgdf {0f tyf k|of ]u . z} lIfs tYof ª\s ;ª\ sng , ljZn ]if0f, ; Dk ]|if0f / k|of ]u . PsLs [t z} lIfs ;" rgf Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL (IEMIS) . 9/9/2024 Janjyoti Multiple Campus, Lalbandi sarlahi 2

3. hDdf k|Zg ;ª\ Vof 9/9/2024 Janjyoti Multiple Campus, Lalbandi sarlahi 3 1fg tyf af ]w tx l;ksf ] k|of ]u tx hDdf @ ! #

4. !=sDKo"6/sf] kl/ ro sDKo"6/ zAb Nofl6g efiffsf ] computare af6 cfPsf ] Computer nfO { g] kfnLdf ;';+ fVo Computer: A computer is an electronic device , operating under the control of instructions ( software ) stored in its own memory unit, that can accept data ( input ), manipulate data ( process ) and produce information ( output ) from the processing. - sDKo"6/ Ps ljB'tLo d] l;g xf ] h;n ] k|of ]u stf { ;+u 8f6f lnO { To;nfO { k|zf ] wg ul / cy{k"0f{ glthf lbG5 / cjZos glthf jf ;' rgfnfO { eljiosf nfuL e08f/0f u/L/fVb5 _ 9/9/2024 Janjyoti Multiple Campus, Lalbandi sarlahi 4

5. sDKo"6/sf] kl/ ro 9/9/2024 Janjyoti Multiple Campus, Lalbandi sarlahi 5

6. sDKo"6/sf] kl/ ro 9/9/2024 Janjyoti Multiple Campus, Lalbandi sarlahi 6 cfw'lgs sDKo"6/sf lktf (Father of Modern Computer ) Difference engine he announced his invention in 1822 He also designed another machine called Analytical engine in 1833AD after 10 years of inventing of difference engine but unfortunately he was unable to complete it. Rfn {; Jofa ]h (Charles Babbage) cfw'lgs sDKo"6/ lj1fgsf lktf (Father of Modern Computer Science) Alan Turing (1912-1954 ) sDKo"6/sf] ult gflkg ] PsfO { d] ufxh { (MH Z ) jf luufxh { (GH Z ) First Programmer: Lady ada is known as first computer programmer because she operated the analytical engine for the first time. Lady Augusta Ada Lovelace

7. sDKo"6/sf] kl/ ro 9/9/2024 Janjyoti Multiple Campus, Lalbandi sarlahi 7 Computer understand language: Machine Level Language which is based on binary number system (0 and 1). MLL First mechanical computer is abacus invented around 500BC   Abacus First Electro-mechanical computer is Analytical engine   Analytical engine First Electronic computer is ENIAC   ENIAC First General purpose computer design for commercial purpose is UNIVAC .   UNIVAC

8. @= sDKo"6/ k|0ffnL 9/9/2024 Janjyoti Multiple Campus, Lalbandi sarlahi 8 Input Device ( Mouse, keyboard, Scanner , Joystick, Touch screen, Touchpad, Digital Light pen , OMR , OCR, BCR, QR Code Reader , MICR, Microphone, Digital camera, webcams, USB drives, Gamepad, Biometrics, etc.) CPU (CU, ALU, Register ) Brain of Computer Memory Primary/Main Memory: RAM, ROM Secondary memory: SSD, Hard disk, pen drive, memory card Output Device ( Monitor, Printer, Speaker Projector, plotter, GPS, Headphones, sound card, video card, etc.)

9. Ogk"6 l8efO; 9/9/2024 Janjyoti Multiple Campus, Lalbandi sarlahi 9 INPUT DEVICES Barcode Reader OMR QR Code Reader MICR

10. lsaf ]8{ 9/9/2024 Janjyoti Multiple Campus, Lalbandi sarlahi 10 XT (Extended keyboard): 85 keys AT (Advance key board): 101 keys Enhanced Keyboard: 103 or more

11. Output unit 9/9/2024 Janjyoti Multiple Campus, Lalbandi sarlahi 11 Interactive Whiteboard Smart board

12. Output unit 9/9/2024 Janjyoti Multiple Campus, Lalbandi sarlahi 12 Softcopy Output D evice: Monitor, Projector, speaker, Smart board, Interactive Whiteboard etc. Hard copy O utput D evice: Printers, plotter etc. The printed output from a computer is called ……… A) Hard Copy B) Soft Copy C) Paper D) Printer Answer A: Hard Copy

13. Both Input – Output (IO) Devices : 9/9/2024 Janjyoti Multiple Campus, Lalbandi sarlahi 13 Touch Screen Modems Smart Board/ Interactive White board Network cards Audio Cards / Sound Card Headsets (Headset consists of Speakers and Microphone. Speaker act Output Device and Microphone act as Input device Facsimile (FAX)  (It has scanner to scan the document and also have printer to Print the document)

14. lk|G6/ 9/9/2024 Janjyoti Multiple Campus, Lalbandi sarlahi 14 of] o:tf] k|sf /sf] cfp6k'6 l8efO; xf ] h;sf ] ;xfotfaf6 sDKo"6/af6 lgl:sPsf ] kl/0ffd jf l/hN6 nfO { sfuhdf 5fKg k|of ]u ul /G5 . lk|G6/ w]/} lsl;dsf ] x"G5g\ ltdWo ] d'Vo ¿ kdf 5g \ 86 d]l6«S; lk|G6/ 8] lhxf ]On lk|G6/ Ogsh ]6 lk|G6/ yd {n lk|G6/ n]h/ lk|G6/

15. System Unit 9/9/2024 Janjyoti Multiple Campus, Lalbandi sarlahi 15 Moher Board Memory: RAM and ROM Storage Devices: Floppy disk, hard disk, SSD, Zip disk, CD-ROM, DVD

16. Mother Board 9/9/2024 Janjyoti Multiple Campus, Lalbandi sarlahi 16

17. sDKo"6/ d] df ]/L o"lg6 ( Memory Unit) 9/9/2024 Janjyoti Multiple Campus, Lalbandi sarlahi 17

18. Primary memory : 9/9/2024 Janjyoti Multiple Campus, Lalbandi sarlahi 18 RAM (Random Access Memory) : Static RAM and Dynamic RAM tTsfn k|of ]u ul //x]sf] 8f6f / lgb ]{ zgx¿nfO { :6f]/ ul / /fV5 . sDKo"6/ cg x"Gh ]n 8f6f :6f]/ x'G5 ha sDKo"6/ ckm x"G5 RAM df ePsf ] ;Dk'0f{ 8f6f x/fp5 t];}n] RAM nfO { - c:yfO jf ef ]nf6fO{n d] df ]/L_ Temporary Memory or Volatile memory elgG5 . ROM (Read Only Memory): Programmable ROM, Erasable PROM, Electrically EPROM Only readable and cannot be write. o;sf ] sfd eg ]sf] l8efO;sf] af /] df k|of ] usftf { nfO { hfgsf /L u/ fpg ' xf ] . pbf /0f df ] jfO ;' Orckm ul / cg ubf { df ] jfO {n sDklgsf ] gfd b] vfpg ' EPROM is Widely used for BIOS chips in computers, enabling firmware updates without chip replacement. Register : CPU ;+u / flvPsf ] Psbd } kmf:6 x"G5 / dxGuf ] x"G5 . Cache : L1 and L2: CPU / main memory sf] processing speed nfO { glhsfpg ] sfd u5{ . Virtual Memory: slxn ] sflx 86f jf ;' rgf 7'nf] x'bf k|fOdl / d] df ]/L sde } 8f6f nf ]8 gx'g ;S5 o:tf] ; d:of sdug { ;]s]G8/L d] df ]/ LnfO { k|fOd /L d] df ]/L agfpO { sfd ug ]{ d] df ]/ LnfO { er '{ jn d] df ]/L elgG5 .

19. Secondary memory : 9/9/2024 Janjyoti Multiple Campus, Lalbandi sarlahi 19 k|f ];];LË ePsf 7'nf jf w]/} 8f6f jf ;' rgfx¿nfO { nfdf ];do ; Dd : yfO {¿ kdf / fVgsfnfuL k|of ] uu / Lg ] l8efO; nfO { ;]s]G8l/ d] df ]/L elGfG5 . Secondary memory is memory device used to store the huge amount of data and instruction permanently for Further use. Sequential Memory: Magnetic Tape Magnetic Memory : Hard Disk Drive (HDD), Floppy Disk, Zip Disk Optical Disk: CD-ROM (Compact Disc, size 650MB), DVD (Digital Versatile Disc, Size 4.7GB), Blue ray Disc, size 25GB) Flash Memory : SSD (Solid-State Drive ), Pen Drive, Memory Card Chip,

20. sDKo"6/sf cfwf / e't zJb Input Device : The input device is the medium through which data and instructions enter a computer Output Device: A display screen, printer or other device that lets you see what the computer has accomplished. Central Processing Unit (CPU): The heart of the computer. Memory: data store temporarily or permanent. Software : Software is a program written by a programmer which controls/ operates specific parts of the computer or specific application. System and application software Hardware : collection of Physical components that make up a computer. Firmware : micro instructions stored in a chip. Its combination of software and hardware such as ROM 9/9/2024 Janjyoti Multiple Campus, Lalbandi sarlahi 20

21. # = sDKo"6/sf] laz ] itfx ¿ Electronic, Speed - sfo { j]u_ , Storage - 8f6f e08f/_ , Accuracy - z'4tf_ , Versatility - ljljwsfo { Ifdtf _ , Diligence - d] xgtL cyjf nugzLn _ , A utomation - : jrfng _ , Non-intelligent - u}/ a'l4dfg_cyjf AI machine sDKo"6/sf] ult ( speed ) nfO { ;]s]G8sf] c+zdf Hz, KHz, MHz, GHz cflbdf dfkg ul /G5 . 1 Hertz (Hz) = 1 cycle per second 1 kilohertz (KHz)= 1000Hz (10 3 Hz) 1 Megahertz (MHz )= 1000KHz (10 3 KHz) 1 Gigahertz (GHz )= 1000MHz (10 3 MHz ) 9/9/2024 Janjyoti Multiple Campus, Lalbandi sarlahi 21 Feature of computer - laz ] itfx /?_

22. Computer processing speed Second S 1 second Hertz (Hz)=10 Hz Millisecond Ms 1/1,000 seconds Kilo Hertz (KHz)=10 3 Hz Micro Second µ 1 /1,000,000 seconds Mega Hertz (MHz)=10 6 Hz Nano Second Ns 1/1,000,000,000 seconds Giga Hertz (GHz)=10 9 Hz Pico Second Ps 1/1,000,000,000,000 seconds Tera Hertz (THz)=10 12 Hz Femtosecond Fs 1/1,000,000,000,000,000 seconds Penta Hertz (PHz)=10 15 Hz Alto Second As 1/1,000,000,000,000,000,000 seconds Exa Hertz (EHz)=10 18 Hz 9/9/2024 Janjyoti Multiple Campus, Lalbandi sarlahi 22

23. e08f/0f PsfO { Measurement Unit - e08f/0f PsfO {_ 9/9/2024 Janjyoti Multiple Campus, Lalbandi sarlahi 23 Unit - PsfO {_ Measure - Ifdtf _ 0, 1 (Binary Digit) 1 Bit 4 bits 1 Nibble 8 Bits / 2 Nibble 1 Byte ( A character) 1024 Bytes 1 Kilobyte (KB) 1024 Kilobytes 1 Megabyte (MB) 1024 Megabytes 1 Gigabyte (GB) 1024 Gigabytes 1 Terabyte (TB) 1024 Terabytes 1 Petabyte (PB) 1024 Petabytes 1 Exabyte (EB) 1024 Exabytes 1 Zettabyte (ZB) 1024 Zettabytes 1 Yottabyte (YB) 1024 Yottabytes 1 Brontobyte (BB)

24. sDKo"6/ ;Fu ; DalGwt k'/f ? kx ? OMR : Optical marks Reader/ Recognition OCR: Optical Character Recognition MICR : Magnetic Ink Character Recognition DOS : Disk Operating System IT : Information Technology ICT : Information Communication Technology UPS : Uninterruptible Power Supply HD : High Density CU: Control Unit WAP : Wireless Access Protocol Wi-Fi : Wireless Fidelity WWW : World Wide Web QR Code : Quick Response Code SSD: Solid State Drive USB: Universal Serial Bus PC : Personal Computer RAM : Random Access Memory ROM : Read Only Memory IBM: International Business Machines GPS: Global Positioning System 9/9/2024 Janjyoti Multiple Campus, Lalbandi sarlahi 24

25. a] lzs sDKo"6/sf] k|Zg Which of the following is the brain of the computer? 9/9/2024 Janjyoti Multiple Campus, Lalbandi sarlahi 25 A Central Processing Unit (CPU) B. Memory C. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) D. Control Unit (CU) A Central Processing Unit (CPU) Which of the following unit is responsible for converting the data received form the user into a computer understandable format? A Input unit B. Output unit C. Memory unit D. Processing unit A Input unit

26. $ = sDKo"6/sf ] Oltxf ; Mechanical Era Electro-Mechanical Era Electronic Era Abacus - cjfs ;_ M #))) jif { klxn ] lrlgoF Jofkf /Ln] jgfosf Napier's Bone - gfkLo / af ]g_ Slide Rule -:nfO8 ?n _ Pascaline - kf:snfOg _ Stepped Reckoner -:6]K8 /]sg/_ Difference Engine George Boole Tabulating Machine : -cd]l/ sfsf ] tYo ª\s laefusf sd { rf /L xd {g Hofs8{ n'd n] agfPsf , !*() sf] hgu0fgfdf cf ]l/ sfn ] k|of ]u u/]sf]_ Mark I and Mark II : Base on the Principle of Charles Babbage o; d] l;gnfO { IBM sf O{ GhLgLo / x?n ] agfPsf lyP h:nfO{ IBMASCC elgG5 h'g klxnf ] k|f ] u|Dj ]n sDKo"6/ xf ] . o;sf ] k|f ] u|fd / u]|; xf ]k/ lyP , h;n ] klxnf ] sDKo"6/ ju kTtfnufPsf lyP . ABC ( Atanasoff Berry Computer ) P]G6fgf;fkm a]/L sDKo"6/ M Hff ]g ef ;]g PG6fgf;fkm / pgsf ljBfyL { j]/L ldn ]/ agfP , h'g klxnf ] k6s On]lS6«s rfh { e08f/0f ug { ; kmn ePsf ] lyof ] . ENIAC ( Electronic Numerical Integrator and calculator) which was the first general purpose electronic computer developed by john William Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert in 1946 AD. J.V Neumann: Discovered stored program technology in 1945 EDSAC ( Electronic delay storage automatic computer) EDVAC (Electronic Discrete variable automatic computer) UNIVAC ( UNIVersal Automatic Computer): First general purpose computer 9/9/2024 Janjyoti Multiple Campus, Lalbandi sarlahi 26

27. g] kfndf sDKo"6/sf ] Oltxf ; 9/9/2024 Janjyoti Multiple Campus, Lalbandi sarlahi 27 s] lGb|o tYof+s ljefun ] lj +=;+= @)!* df FACIT gfds Sofns'n ]l6ª\u d] l;g (electronic calculator) k|of ]u u/]sf] . g] kfndf k;{ gn sDKo"6/ agfpg ] klxnf ] JolQm d'lgaxfb '/ zfSo x'g \ . (The government imported the first computer into Nepal, the IBM 1401, for the 1972 census of the people (2028 BS ).) lj +=;+= @)@* sf] hgu0fgfsf] nfuL tTsflng ;/sf/n] k|ltdlxgf ? ! Nfv @% xhf / ef8f ltg ]{u/L IBM 1401 gfdsf ] bf];|f] k': tfsf ] (2 nd Generation) d] gk|m ]d sDKo"6/ k|of ]u u/]sf] lyof ] . sDKo"6/ ; DjlGwt ;Dk'0f{ sfo { ug { sfnfuL @)#! kf } ifdf olGqs ;f/L0fLs/0f s]Gb| vf ] lnof ] / @)#& df /fli6«o sDKo"6/ s]Gb| gfdfs /0f ul /of] . (Later , in 1975 (2031 BS), YantrikSarinikaran Kendra (Electronic Data Processing Center), which is now known as the National Computer Center, was founded (NCC ).

28. g] kfndf sDKo"6/sf ] Oltxf ; 9/9/2024 Janjyoti Multiple Campus, Lalbandi sarlahi 28 @)#* sf] hgu0fgfsf nfuL ICL 2950/10 , mainframe sDKo"6/ NofOof ] . of] g] kfnsf ] Oltxfdf klxnf ] v/ Lbu / LPsf ] sDKo"6/ xf ] . (In 2038 B.S., a fourth generation (4 th G) mainframe computer was imported with the aid of UNDP and UNFPA from England for 20 lakhs US dollars . Its name was ICL 2950/10 . This computer had 64 terminals and it is kept in museum now .) lj +=;+= @)#( af6 dfOqmf ] sDKo"6/ PKkn , e]S6/, l;/; g] kfndf lelqPsf ] kfOG5 . (After 2039 B.S., the capital saw the introduction of computers like Apple, Vector, and Sirius .) ljZjdf k|; gn sDKo"6/ (PC) sf] ;'? jft ;g\ !(*! b]lv ePsf ] kfOG5 . https ://lilaram.wordpress.com/2013/03/24/history-of-computer-in-nepal / https:// www.can.org.np

29. %= sDKo"6/sf ] k|sf /x¿ (Type of Computer) 9/9/2024 Janjyoti Multiple Campus, Lalbandi sarlahi 29 Computers On the basic of Working On the basic of Size On the basic of Brand Analog Digital Hybrid Super mainframe Mini Micro IBM Computer IBM Compatible Apple/ Macintosh

30. ^= sDKo"6/sf k': tfx ¿ (Generation of Computer) 9/9/2024 Janjyoti Multiple Campus, Lalbandi sarlahi 30 Time Period 1 st Generation 1940-1956 2 nd Generation 1956-1963 3 rd Generation 1964-1971 4 th Generation 1072 – Till now 5 th Generation Technology Vacuum Tubes Transistors Uses of Semiconductors IC (Integrated Circuits) Uses of LSI (Large scale Integration) Microprocessor Uses of VLSI (Very Large scale Integration) Bio-Chips Uses of ULSI (Ultra Large scale Integration) Speed Millisecond Microsecond Nanosecond Picosecond More than Femtosecond Main Memory Vacuum Tubes Magnetic cores Semiconductors Semiconductors Super conductor Secondary memory Magnetic Tapes/Drums Magnetic tapes/ Disks Magnetic Disk Magnetic disks/ Optical Disks/ Flash Memory Magnetic disks/ Optical Disks/ Flash Memory

31. Generation of Computer 9/9/2024 Janjyoti Multiple Campus, Lalbandi sarlahi 31 Time Period 1 st Generation 1940-1956 2 nd Generation 1956-1963 3 rd Generation 1964-1971 4 th Generation 1072 – Till now 5 th Generation Programming Language Machine Level Language (1GL) Assembly and High Level (2GL) High Level (3GL) High Level (4GL) Natural Language (5GL) I/O Device Punch cards Punch cards Keyboards/ monitor (Frist Portable PC ) Keyboards/ monitor/ others (Frist GUI ) Advance I/O Examples Mark I, IBM 700 series, ENIAC, UNIVAC IBM 1401, CDC 1604, Mark III, IBM 7094, PDP 1 IBM 370 series, CDC 7600, PDP 11 IBM PC, Pentium PC, Apple etc. AI

32. Vacuum Tube 9/9/2024 Janjyoti Multiple Campus, Lalbandi sarlahi 32 Developed by Lee De Forest in 1908

33. Transistor 9/9/2024 Janjyoti Multiple Campus, Lalbandi sarlahi 33 Developed by John Bardeen, William Shockley and W alter Bratain in 1947

34. IC (Integrated Circuit) 9/9/2024 Janjyoti Multiple Campus, Lalbandi sarlahi 34 Developed by John K ilby and Robert Noyce in 1958

35. Microprocessor 9/9/2024 Janjyoti Multiple Campus, Lalbandi sarlahi 35 Developed by Intel 4004 in 1971

36. &= sDKo"6/ ;km\6j]o/ ( Computer Software) 9/9/2024 Janjyoti Multiple Campus, Lalbandi sarlahi 36 Software is the collection of computer program procedures and documentation that performs different tasks on a computer system . ;km\6j]o/ eg ]sf] sDKo"6/ k|f ] u|fdx?sf ] ;+ sng xf ] . ; fwf /0f tof ;km\6j]o/ b"O { k|sf /sf 5g\ != l;:6d ;km\6j]o/ (System Software) @= PlKns ];g ;km\j]o/ (Application software)

37. l;:6d ;km\6j]o/ (System Software) 9/9/2024 Janjyoti Multiple Campus, Lalbandi sarlahi 37 Manage the over all computer system. sDKo"6/sf] PlKns ];g ;km\6j]o/ / xf8{j]o/ ljr ;~ rf / ug '{ jf k|of ] ustf { / sDKo"6/ aLrdf b] ef ;]sf] sfd ug '{ O{gk'6 , k|f ];]l;ª, :6f]/, cfp6k'6, kmfOn , Aofsck Dofg ]h ug '{ l;:6d ;km\6j]o/ ljgf sDKo"6/ df PlKns ];g ;km\6j]o/ dfqn ] sfd ug {'. l;:6d ;km\6j]o/ General Purpose sf] nfuL agfO { Psf ] l;:6d ;km\6j]o / nfO { Operating System (OS), Language Processor, Device Driver, Utility Software df ljefhg ul / Psf ] kfOG5 .

38. l;:6d ;km\6j]o/ (System Software) 9/9/2024 Janjyoti Multiple Campus, Lalbandi sarlahi 38 Operating System (OS): Type of OS: 1. CUI (Character User Interface) MS DOS, UNIX and 2. GUI (Graphical User Interface) Example: Window XP, Window 7 , Window Vista, Window 8 , Window 10, Window 11, Linux, Ubentu , Readhat , Kali linux , MacOS , Android, Apple iOS Language Processor: Compiler, Interpreter, Assembler Device Driver: mouse, keyboard, printer Driver etc. Utility Software: Anti virus software (Norton, Window Defender, AVG, McAFree , BitDefender ), backup, Scandisk, disk cleanup, disk defragmenter, device drivers etc.

39. PlKns ];g ; km\6j]o / (Application software) 9/9/2024 Janjyoti Multiple Campus, Lalbandi sarlahi 39 s'g } Pp6f lglZrt sfdsf nflu agfOPsf ] ;km\6j]o/ nfO { PlKns ];g ;km\6j]o/ elgG5 . (To solve specific Purpose of user) Example: office package, Facebook, Tick Tok , Instagram, YouTube, retailor system, Candy crush , mobile apps, etc. Type of application software : 1.Customized or Tailored software lglZrt sfdsf ] nflu afOPsf ] h:tf] l6s6 sf6\g, k;ndf ljn sf6\g, ljBfnodf ljn sf6\g], tnj lbg Banking, hospital hotel reservation software, mobile apps, clb 2. and package software ; femf ;: ofsf ] nlu agfO { Psf ] h:tf] office package (word, Excel, PowerPoint, Access etc.), Database package (dBase, FoxPro, Access, Oracle) , Stastical Package (SPSS, Mini Tab etc )