Basic design of PV system for the pv installation.pptx

pv

1. Basics of PV System Design your own PV system Dr. Furqan Asghar

2. How Solar Power System Works ?

3. Types of PV Systems 3 Grid-tied Standalone Hybrid

4. Mounting Structure 4

5. Types of Mounting Systems (According to orientation type) Fixed 5 Tracking Adjustable

6. Mounting Structure Fixed Roof Mounted Ground Mounted Shade Structure BIPV Car Port Single Axis Tracking & Adjustable Double Axis 6

7. Roof Mounted 7

8. Ground Mounted 8

9. Self- Ballasted Arrays 9

10. Direct- Mounted Arrays 10

11. Pole- Mounted Arrays 11

12. Shade Structure 12

13. Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) 13

14. Car Ports 14

15. Single Axis Tracking 15

16. Double Axis Tracking 16

17. Key factors in Mechanical Design and Module Layout 17

18. Module physical characteristics 18

19. Thermal characteristics of modules and effects of mounting system 19

20. Weather sealing of building penetrations and attachments. 20

21. Materials and hardware compatibilities with the application environment 21

22. Materials and hardware compatibilities with the application environment 22

23. 23 Aesthetics and appearance

24. 24 Aesthetics and appearance

25. Aesthetics and appearance 25

26. Optimizing Array Performance 26

27. Optimum Tilt & Azimuth 27

28. Good Ventilation 28

29. yellow area: almost no shading blue area: shaded in the mornings (left) or evenings (right) red area: temporary shading

30. Combiner box (if necessary) 30

31. 31

32. 32

33. 33

34. Design of On- G rid System 34

35. Design Steps of On- grid PV System 35 Energy Consumption Site Planning Mounting Structure Components selection Shading Analysis Module Layout Solar panel selection String Configuration Energy Yield BOQ Economical Evaluation

36. Site Planning 36 Suitable roof for mounting? Solar access for the site? Shading objects (location and dimensions) Orientation and tilt of the roof Suggested location of the inverter Location of AC switchboards Coordinates of the project Pictures for the location Available area Horizon shading Connection voltage CB data Elec. Room pictures

37. Suitable roof for mounting? 37

38. Solar access for the site? 38

39. Orientation and tilt of the roof 39

40. Location of AC switchboards 40

41. Coordinates of the project 41

42. Connection voltage Single Phase or 3-Phase? 42

43. Mounting Structure Fixed? Tracking? 43 Steel? Aluminum?

44. Select the manufacturers for: Solar panels Mounting structure DC & AC cables Protection devices 44 Components selection

45. Shading Analysis h θ D 45 D = 2h

46. Shading Analysis D’ = h / tan(ɑ) 46 D’ = Maximum shadow length h = height of obstruction α = solar altitude angle

47. 47 Module Layout

48. String Configuration 48

49. String Configuration 49

50. String Configuration 50

51. Economical Evaluation 51 Simple Payback Period Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE)

52. Simple Payback Period Simple Payback Period = CAPEX Yearly Savings 52

53. CAPEX 53 PV Modules Inverter Mounting Structure DC & AC Cables Installation Permissions

54. Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) LCOE = CAPEX + OPEX Total Energy Yield 54

55. Design Steps of a Solar PV System for Your Home (Standalone) A solar PV system design can be done in five steps: Step 1: Calculate the energy consumption of appliances Step 2: Calculation of inverter sizing Step 3: Calculation of battery bank Step 4: Calculation of number of PV panels Step 5: Solar charge controller sizing Cost calculation of the solar PV system

56. Step 1: Calculate energy consumption of appliances We want to know how much electricity is consumed by an appliance in a day? Energy= Power × Duration of use (hours) LED bulb electricity (or energy )consumption per day 10 W × 10 Hr every day= 100 Whr every day LED bulb electricity (or energy )consumption per month 10 W × 10 Hr /day × 30 days=3000 Whr/month Calculate the electricity consumption of all appliances per day and per month?

57. List of appliances electricity consumption S.No. Name of Appliance Power Rating (W) Per day usage (hr) Per day Electricity used (Whr) Multiply the total appliances watt-hours per day times 1.3 (the energy lost in the system), also known as the fill factor to get the total Watt-hours per day which must be generated by the panel

58. Step2: Inverter Sizing An inverter is used in the system where AC power output is needed. The input power rating of the inverter should never be lower than the total watt appliances. The inverter size should be 25-30% bigger than the total watts of appliances. For standalone systems, the inverter must be large enough to handle the total amount of watts you will be using at one time. For grid-connected systems , the input rating of the i nverter should be same as PV array rating to allow for safe and efficient operation. The inverter must have the same nominal voltage as your battery.

59. Step 3: Battery Sizing The battery type recommended for using in solar PV system is deep cycle battery . Deep cycle battery is specifically designed to be discharged to a low energy level and rapid recharged or cycle charged and discharged day after day for years. The battery should be large enough to store sufficient the appliances at night and cloudy days . energy to operate

60. To find out the size of battery, calculate as follows: Calculate total watt-hours per day used by appliances. Divide the total watt-hours per day used by 0.85 for battery loss (Battery Factor). Divide the answer obtained in step 3.2 by (0.6-0.7) for depth of discharge. Divide the answer obtained in step 3.3 by the nominal battery voltage. Multiply the answer obtained in step 3.4 with days of autonomy to get the required battery sizing. Days of autonomy: the number of days that you need the system to operate when there is no power produced by the panels Step 3: Battery Sizing

61. 𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐴ℎ = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡 − ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 × 𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑦 0.85 × 0.6 × 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 Step 3: Battery Sizing

62. Example Total appliances use = (18 W × 4 hours)+(60 W × 2 hours)+(75 W × 12 hours) The nominal voltage of the battery = 12 V. Days of Autonomy = 3 Days 𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐴ℎ = (18 W × 4 hours)+(60 W × 2 hours)+(75 W × 12 hours) 0.85×0.6×12 × 3 Total Ampere-hours required=535.29 Ah T he refore, t h e batter y s h oul d b e rated : 1 2 V , 6 A h for 3 D a y Autonomy Step 3: Battery Sizing

63. Step 4: Solar PV Sizing = Solar radiation unit=kWh/m 2 /day At given location=5.5 kWh/m 2 /day Divide it by 1000 W/m 2 (under STC) Hours of solar radiation=5.5 hours per day Power of solar panel Total energy by solar panel per day Hours of solar radiation per day

64. Ste p 5: S ola r C harg e Co n troller Its function is to regulate the voltage and current from the solar arrays to the battery to prevent overcharging and also over-discharging. The solar charge controller is typically rated against Ampere and Voltage capacities. Select the solar charge controller to match the PV array and batteries. Make sure that solar charge controller has enough capacity to handle the current from PV array.

65. Design Example on off-grid solar PV system sizing

66. Load Considered for our Example Name of Appliance Number of Appliances Power Rating (W) Per day usage (hr) Per day Electricity used (Whr) Air Conditioner 1 2500 8 20,000 Lamps 5 60 12 3,600 Refrigerator 1 200 24 4,800 TV 1 200 2 400 Total Power 3,200 W Or 3.2 kW Total energy consumed 28,800 Wh Or 28.8 kWh

67. Inve r ter Sizing Inverter size should be greater by 25 to 30% of load Therefore, minimum inverter sizing= 1.25 × 3.2= 4 kW Considered efficiency  =97% The inverter minimum input=96V As efficiency  = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦  . 97 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 28.8 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒌𝑾𝒉

68. Bat t er y Si z ing Consider the efficiency of the battery with charge controller combined= 85% So input energy to charger and battery = 30kWh/0.85 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟐𝟗 𝒌𝑾𝒉 We need to consider days of autonomy where sun is not available Assume 1 day of autonomy 𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐴ℎ = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠×𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑦 0.85×0.6×𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 DoD of battery=60%, each battery 200 Ah So Ah required= 3.67 kAh 12 Number of series batteries= 96 = 𝟖 8×200 Number of parallel strings= 3670 = 2.29 = 𝟐

69. P V Modu l e Sizing At given location=5 kWh/m 2 /day Divide it by 1000 W/m 2 (under STC) Hours of solar radiation=5 hours per day Power of solar panel= Total energy by solar panel per day Hours of solar radiation per day =35.29kWh/5=7kW PV panel available in the market: P m =580 W, V oc =45V, I sc = 13 A 580 Therefore number of PV panels = 𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 12 panels

70. Solar C h arg e Controller Si z ing Total Solar Power = 12* 580W = 6.96kW With specifications of 96 V and 40 A First group: 2 series and 6 parallel which gives 12 panels Total current=6 × 8.3=78 A Total voltage=2 × 45=90 V Keeping in view the system current, we need two charge controllers to handle the system properly.