Basic features of any society.pptx

The basic features of Human society

1. Basic features of any society Prof. Melissa Remedios

2. Define society The term society is derived from the Latin word ‘socius’, which means companionship or friendship. Two primary components of a society are its culture and its social structure. Society is one of the basic sociological terms. In simple sense, society is a large grouping that shares the same geographical territory, shares a common culture and social structure, and expected to abide by the some laws.

3. Meaning of society Morris Ginsberg , “ A Society is a collection of individuals united by certain relations or mode of behavior which mark them off from others who do not enter into these relations or who differ from them in behavior”. Prof. Giddings, “society is the union itself, the organization, the sum of formal relations in which associating individuals are bound together.” G.D.M. Cole, Society is the complex of organized associations and institutions with a community”. MacIver “ Society is a web of social relationship ”.

4. Nature of society Society consists of people- Society is composed of people. Without people there can be no society, no social relationship and no social life at all. 2. Mutual awareness and mutual interaction Society is a group of people in continuous interactions with each other. A social interaction is made possible because of mutual awareness. Society is understood as a network of social relations. Thus, social relationship implies mutual awareness. Co-operation and division of labor -Division of labor involves the assignment to each unit or group a specific share of a common task. For example: Common task of providing the banking service involves counter services, accountancy, loan lending etc. division of labor is possible because of co-operation. Society is dynamic - Society is not static, but it is dynamic. Changeability is an inherent quality of human beings. No society can even remain constant for any length of time

5. Nature of society Social control ▪ Absolute freedom makes man’s life like other animal beings. So society has its own ways of controlling the behavior of its members. For this, society has formal and informal means of social control. Customs, traditions, mores folkways, manners are the informal means of social control, whereas law, police, constitution, police are formal means of social control. Society usually refers to group of people who lives and work together or who share social norms and values. It is simply a web of social relationship. People interact in a defined territory and share a culture. Today the structure of society has been changed from hunting and gathering societies and agrarian societies to industrial society. But still we need society from birth to till death for the performance of social values norms etc.

6. Characteristics of society Composed of people Mutual awareness, continuous reciprocal interaction and inter relationship among members Likeness and differences eg similarities like needs, activities, ideals values etc differences like looks, personality, talents, attitudes etc. Members have cooperation and share common interest. Desires are satisfied and interests fulfilled with joined efforts promoting solidarity and social cohesion Responsibilities held by means of division of labor and delegation of authority Members shows a pattern of interdependence necessary to meet social needs

7. Characteristics of society Society is dynamic….changes take place abruptly or gradually Society has its own way of social control (formal or informal) Each society has its distinct culture…. ……..Its expression of human behavior viz. attitudes, judgements, morals etc. Its expression of human behavior viz. attitudes, judgements, morals etc.

8. Types of society Foraging society Pastoral society Horticultural society Agricultural society Industrial society Post industrial society

9. Pre industrial society Society depended on peasants for - food and - taxes (a percentage of personal income paid to the nobles or the government). Though they controlled wealth in the form of land, the clergy and the nobility not taxed, a further burden on peasants and craftsmen. Wealth concentrated in the hands of the few. Most people lived on a subsistence level with little or no savings. Most peasants struggled simply to meet their basic needs.

10. Hunting gathering and pastoral societies Gerhard Lenski pointed out in his “Human Societies”, that it is the oldest and the simplest type of society is the Hunting and Gathering Society. Hunting gathering society relies heavily on hunting wild animals and gathering food for its survival. Small in Size These societies consist of very small but scattered groups. The environment in which they live cannot support a large number of people. So, their numbers do not exceed 40-50 members. Nomadic In Nature These people are constantly on the move because they have to leave one area as soon as they have exhausted its food resources.

11. Pastoral societies Herding society refers to any form of society whose main subsistence comes from tending flocks and herds of domesticated animals. In practice, subsistence needs are often met by a combination of herding with hunting and gathering and other forms of agriculture. Relatively Larger In Size In comparison with the hunting and gathering societies, herding, societies, are larger in size and due to their technological “invention” of the domesticated animal which can be used for human food.

12. Pastoral and agrarian societies Dominant economic activity was agriculture Characteristic of rural communities Minimal division of labour Family plays an important role sense of unity “WE” feeling social control through informal means simplicity, homogeneity and closeness to nature

13. Industrial society Emergence of modern family manufacture and services are the dominant economic activities Division of labour according to the specialization pronounced Multiple roles Impersonal relationships Class is more important than caste Social mobility feasible Women are economically and socially more independent.

14. Main elements of society Community sentiment Stability Elements of society-Mutual interaction of individuals Mutual inter relationship between individuals A pattern of system Reciprocal awareness is the most important ingredient

15. Other aspects of society Naturalness Regulation of relations Common propensity….. “we” feeling Like mindedness Implications of differences/ diversities/ variations Interdependence Cooperation

16. Basic features of society in sociology as a discipline Society is responsible for the mental and intellectual development of its dwellers Confers safeguard of our cultures and guarantees its transmission to the future generations Individual and society interacts with each other and depends on one another Instability in any of the aspect gives rise to opposition between the individuals and society

17. Classical Theorists view on society Karl Marx- Karl Marx views society in regards to his conflict theory on the idea that modern society has only two classes of people: the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The bourgeoisie are the owners of the means of production: the factories, businesses, and equipment needed to produce wealth. Marx foresaw a workers' revolution. Emile Durkheim- Durkheim  believed that  society  exerted a powerful force on individuals. According to  Durkheim , people's norms, beliefs, and values make up a collective consciousness, or a shared way of understanding and behaving in the world.  Durkheim  saw increasing population density as a key factor in the advent of modernity Max Weber- Weber's  primary focus on the structure of  society  lay in the elements of class, status, and power. Similar to  Marx ,  Weber  saw class as economically determined. ... Both status and class determined an individual's power, or influence over ideas. Unlike  Marx ,  Weber  believed that these ideas formed the base of  society .

18. Contemporary theorists view on society George Herbert Mead- Mead's  model of  society  is an organic model in which individuals are related to the social process as bodily parts are related to bodies. The  self  is a reflective process — i.e., “it is an object to itself.” For  Mead , it is the reflexivity of the  self  that “distinguishes it from other objects and from the body.” C.H Cooley- Cooley  is one of the founders of the interactionist  perspective , which seeks to explain  society  by looking at the everyday forms of interaction between individuals.  Cooley's  theory of self is one in which we learn who we are through our interactions with others. This is known as the looking glass self. Talcott parsons- Parsons  was one of the most influential structural functionalists of the 1950s. As a functionalist, he was concerned with how elements of  society  were functional for a  society . ... Finally, he argued that U.S.  society  needs to find roles for the elderly and then concerned with social order, but argued that order and stability in a society are the result of the influence of certain values in society, rather than in structure such as the economic system. For example, he believed that stable, supportive families are the key to successful socialization. Parsons also contributed to our understanding of medicine, arguing that medicine is our strategy to keep members of a society healthy, and illness is dysfunctional because it undermines people's ability to perform their roles in a society. Finally, he argued that U.S. society needs to find roles for the elderly .

19. Moving to a more developed unified society An equal world is an enabled world . Individually, we're all responsible for our own thoughts and actions - all day, every day. We can actively choose to challenge stereotypes, fight bias, broaden perceptions, improve situations and celebrate the human achievements Collectively . Equality is not a women's issue, it's a business issue. Gender equality is essential for economies and communities to thrive.  A gender equal world can be healthier, wealthier and more harmonious - so what's not great about that? The race is on for the gender equal boardroom, a gender equal government, gender equal media coverage, gender equal workplaces, gender equal sports coverage, more gender equality in health and wealth ... so let's make it happen. Let's be  #EachforEqual .

20. Conclusion The future society depends on society’s realization that a government too large will destroy liberties and eventually humanity. Failure to learn this in combination with the lesson that has been learned through these novels, caution is needed with the presence of technology will cause society to become emotionless blind conformists. Through the invasion of the Xnet , a hidden telescreen and the monitoring of social networking society has been able to learn that without caution technology can become detrimental to the people in it. Although it was warned that a government too large will destroy humanity, as it began to through the daily lives of human interactions, society has failed to apply these lessons to life because of how the government has restricted the liberties of its people. However, hope for a society of independent people with free thought can be maintained if the lessons engraved in these novels are applied to life as it is now. If not, society can expect to learn first hand the consequences of expanding government by becoming empty robotic conformists. .

21. Thank You!