Basic Hydraulics presetation of Engienier

Basic Hydraulics presetation of Engienier

1. BASIC HYDRAULICS
LESSON
Force
in
W
W
330 ft.
330 ft.
100 lbs.
100
lbs.
100 min.
1 min.
Power
Power = The rate of doing work per unit of time
Power=
F X D
Time
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2. Force
in
PASCALS LAW
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3. Force
in
PASCALS LAW
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4. Force
in
PASCALS LAW
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5. Area = 10 in
2
Force = 200 lbs
Pressure = 20 psi
F
pA
Force = Pressure x Area
PASCALS LAW
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6. Force =
in
Area =
1
Area =
2
Force =
out
A
PASCALS LAW
F
pA
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7. Area =
Pressure =
F
pA
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8. D
= D x .7854
2
Cap-End Area
Cap-End
CAP-END AREA
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9. D
1
D
2
A
ann
A
ann A
cap A
rod
= (D - D ) x .7854
12
22
Rod-End Area
Rod-End or
annulus area
Annulus area = area of cap end - area of rod
ANNULUS OR
ROD END AREA
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10. Pressure = Pressure =
Area = Area =
F
pA
= D x .7854
2
Area
PASCALS LAW
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11. Volume = Area x Length
L
e
n
g
t
h
Area
diam =
Volume to Extend = ?
L
e
n
g
t
h

=

2
0

in
.
CYLINDER VOLUME
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12. Work = Force x Distance
ForceForce
Distance
WORK
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13. W
W
330 ft.
330 ft.
100 lbs.
100
lbs.
100 min.
1 min.
Power
Power = The rate of doing work per unit of time
Power=
F X D
Time
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14. Force =
in
Force =
out
FORCE MULTIPLICATION
WORK AND POWER
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15. Force =
in
Force =
out
Area =
in
Area =
out
Pressure =
FORCE MULTIPLICATION
WORK AND POWER
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16. Force =
in
Force =
out
Area =
in
Area =
out
Work =
in Work =
out
FORCE MULTIPLICATION
WORK AND POWER
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17. WHO DOES THE MOST WORK ?
WHO HAS THE MOST POWER?
2500# Coal pile
Move the pile 500ft.
5 min
8 hr
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18. A
A
12 in
2
6 in
2
WHO HAS THE POWER ?
1 GPM
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19. HYDRAULIC STIFFNESS
.4% Volume change @ 1000 PSI
1.1% Volume change @ 3000 PSI
FLUID COMPRESSIBILITY
OR BULK MODULUS
100 GAL
99.6 GAL
@ 1000 PSI
Volume change
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20. Copyright 1999 Vickers IncorporatedC

21. SSU Viscosity Measurement
Units:
60ml
Centipoise (cP)
Centistokes (cSt)
Saybolt Seconds Universal (SSU)
60
1
0
2
0
30
4
0
5
0
7
3
4
5
8
9
1
210
11
12
FLUID PROPERTIES: VISCOSITY
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22. 1 cubic foot of oil weighs approx. 58 lbs
12 in.
12 in.
12 in.
Area = 144 in
2
Pressure = = 0.4 psi
Force
Area
=
58 lbs
144 in
2
10 ft.
4 psi
2 psi
0.4 psi
PRESSURE AT THE BOTTOM
OF A COLUMN OF OIL
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23. p =
F
A
=
58 lbs
144 in
2= 0.4 psi p =
F
A
=
4(58) lbs
2(144) in
2= 0.8 psi
PRESSURE AT THE BOTTOM
OF A COLUMN OF OIL
12 in.
12 in.
12 in.
12 in.
12 in.
p
12 in.
12 in.
12 in.
p
wt.of water = 62.4 lb/ft
wt. of oil = 55 - 58 lb/ft (use 58)
3
3
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24. Area = 1 in
2
A column of air one square inch in
cross-section and as high as the
atmosphere ...
... weighs 14.7 pounds at sea level.
Atmospheric pressure is therefore
14.7 psia.
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
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25. On the earth's surface we are
swimming in a sea of air. The
pressure exerted is caused by the
weight of the air above us. This
pressure is referred to as
"atmospheric pressure". As we
gain altitude above sea level, the
atmospheric pressure decreases.
W h e n w e g o
u n d e r w a t e r, t h e
pressure gets greater
the deeper we go. This
pressure is caused by
the weight of the water
column above us.
1 in
2
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
Earth
Atmosphere
h
h
h
Atmospheric Pressure = 14.7 psia @ sea level
wt. = 14.7 lbs
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26. mercury
29.92
inches
atmospheric
pressure
vacuum
TORRICELLI
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27. mercury
psig psia
psia
0 psia
14.7 psia
0 psig
29.92
inches
MEASUREMENT SCALES
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28. Atmospheric Pressure ----
(59 F @ Sea Level)
Gauge
Pressure
Scale
(PSIG)
Absolute
Pressure
Scale
(PSIA)
Absolute
Pressure
Scale
(" Hg Abs)
Vacuum
Vacuum
Absolute Pressure
1 Bar Absolute
Absolute Pressure
0 PSIG
0 PSIA 0 PSIA
+29.92" Hg Abs+14.7 PSIA
+14.5 PSIA
Perfect Vacuum ----------
(Absolute Zero Pressure)
-15
-14.7 PSIG -29.92" Hg 0" Hg Abs
0" Hg
GAUGE AND ABSOLUTE
PRESSURE
o
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29. psia psig psigin-Hg
PRESSURE GAUGES
Absolute
Pressure
Gauge
Pressure
Gauge
Pressure
/w Vacuum
Scale
measured in psig
0 psig = atm. pressure @
sea level
-14.7 psig = perfect
vacuum
negative pressures are
partial vacuums
measured in psia
0 psia = perfect vacuum
14.7 psia = atm.
pressure @ sea level
pressures below 14.7
psia are partial vacuums
most common type of
gauge
pressures above
atmospheric measured in
psig
vacuums measured in
inches of mercury (in-Hg)
1 psi = approx. 2 in-Hg
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30. FLOW V.S. PRESSURE DROP
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31. FLOW V.S. PRESSURE DROP
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32. FLOW V.S. PRESSURE DROP
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33. psig psig
psig
BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE
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34. Atmospheric
Pressure
Atmospheric
Pressure
Inlet Phase Inlet Phase
Inlet Inlet
Outlet Outlet
to circuit to circuit
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMP
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35. Reduced pressure
here allows...
Atmospheric pressure here
to force fluid up the straw.
Pressure differential causes fluid
to flow from the high pressure
area to the low pressure area.
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
WORKS FOR US
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36. POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMP
Output Phase
to circuit
Atmospheric
Pressure
Inlet
Outlet
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37. Atmospheric
Pressure
Inlet Phase
Inlet
Outlet
to circuit
CAVITIATION
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38. CAVITATION
Output Phase
Atmospheric
Pressure
Inlet
Outlet
High velocity microjet formation
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39. CAVITATION OF HYDRAULIC PUMP
Restriction
Erosion
Vapor
Bubbles
Implode
Vapor
Bubbles
Form
Cavitation of Hydraulic Pump
Due to Overspeeding
Erosion
Atmospheric
Pressure
Reservoir
Overspeeding
Pump
Imploding
Bubbles
Fluid velocity, due to
excessive pump
speed, is higher than
the pump inlet can
accommodate
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40. AERATION OF HYDRAULIC PUMP
Air
Leaky
Fitting Erosion
Air Bubbles
Implode
Air Bubbles
Expand
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41. Causes of Cavitation Causes of Aeration
1. Clogged or restricted strainer
2. High fluid viscosity
3. Low fluid temperature
4. Clogged reservoir breather
5. Pump inlet line too small
6. Pump too far above reservoir
7. Pump too far from reservoir
8. Excessive pump RPM
9. Too many bends in pump inlet line
10. Collapsed hose on pump inlet line
11. Restriction on pump inlet line
12. Failure of supercharge pump
1. Low reservoir fluid level
2. Defective pump shaft seal
3. Return line above fluid level
4. Improper baffling in the reservoir
5. Loose fitting on pump inlet line
6. Defective seal on pump inlet line
7. Incorrect reservoir design
8. Porous hose on pump inlet line
CAUSES OF CAVITATION AND AERATION
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42. SERIES CIRCUIT
50 psi100 psi150 psi
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43. F
out
Q
A
out
p
p
p
PRESSURE DROP
10,000#
1000 PSI
1700 PSI
10 In
2
1500 PSI
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44. PARALLEL CIRCUIT
50 psi
100 psi
150 psi
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45. in.
diam.
in.
rod diam.
S
t
r
o
k
e

=





in
.
Cylinder Velocity ( ) = ?v
Input Flow (Q) = gpm
VELOCITY
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46. P
P
T
T
A
A
B
B
VELOCITY
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47. Piston Seal Leak
P
T
A
B
VELOCITY AND THE
EFFECTS OF LEAKAGE
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48. in.
diam.
in.
rod diam.
S
t
r
o
k
e

=






in
.
v = ?
Q = gpm
REGENERATIVE CIRCUITS
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49. REGENERATIVE CIRCUIT
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50. FRICTION IN FLUID CONDUCTORS
Friction Varies With:
changes in
direction
fluid
velocity
surface
roughness
To minimize friction,
fluid velocities
should be limited:
4 ft/secPump Inlet Line
Return Line
Conductor Sizing
Maximum Fluid Velocities
20 ft/sec
10 ft/sec
Pressure Line500 - 3000 psi
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51. 2 in dia
2 in dia
1 in dia
1 in dia
CONDUCTOR AREA
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52. 2 in dia 1 in dia
TYPES OF FLOW
Turbulent FlowTransitional flowLaminar flow
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53. CONDUCTOR SIZING NOMOGRAM
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55. STEEL TUBING
Nominal Size
Wall Thickness
Stainless steel tubing is used for high pressure and corrosive applications.
Easily bent and flared.
Terminated with compression fittings (flared of ferrule types) or welded connections.
Nominal size specifies outside diameter.
Each size available in several wall thicknesses to withstand higher pressures.
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56. TUBING SIZING
Nom.
Size
Wall
(in.)
Burst
psi
Working
psi
2
ft/sec
4
ft/sec
10
ft/sec
Tubing Oil Flow Capacities (gpm)
15
ft/sec
20
ft/sec
30
ft/sec
Max. Recommended Velocity
for Pump Inlet Lines
Max. Recommended Velocity
for Pressure LinesTubing Table
.035
.042
.049
.058
.065
.072
7700
9240
10,780
12,760
14,300
15,840
1283
1540
1797
2127
2383
2640
1/2
.035
.042
.049
.058
.065
.072
.083
.095
6160
7392
8624
10,208
11,440
12,672
14,608
16,720
1027
1232
1437
1701
1907
2112
2435
2787
5/8
.049
.058
.065
.072
.083
.095
7187
8507
9533
10,560
12,173
13,933
1198
1418
1589
1760
2029
2322
.905
.847
.791
.722
.670
.620
1.81
1.63
1.58
1.44
1.34
1.24
4.52
4.23
3.95
3.61
3.35
3.10
6.79
6.35
5.93
5.41
5.03
4.65
9.05
8.47
7.91
7.22
6.70
6.20
13.6
12.7
11.9
10.8
10.1
9.30
1.51
1.43
1.36
1.27
1.20
1.13
1.03
.926
3.01
2.85
2.72
2.54
2.40
2.26
2.06
1.85
7.54
7.16
6.80
6.34
6.00
5.66
5.16
4.63
11.3
10.7
10.2
9.51
9.00
8.49
7.73
6.95
15.1
14.3
13.6
12.7
12.0
11.3
10.3
9.26
22.6
21.4
20.4
19.0
18.0
17.0
15.5
13.9
2.08
1.97
1.88
1.75
1.67
1.53
4.17
3.93
3.76
3.51
3.34
3.07
10.4
9.84
9.41
8.77
8.35
7.67
15.6
14.8
14.1
13.2
12.5
11.5
20.8
19.7
18.8
17.5
16.7
15.3
31.2
29.6
28.2
26.4
25.0
23.0
3/4
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57. FLEXIBLE HOSE
Cover Carcass
Inner
Tube
Used when hydraulic lines subject to movement, flexing, and/or vibration.
Some fittings require the hose to be skived (the cover removed at connection),
others do not.
Nominal size specifies inside diameter.
Hose fittings may be reusable (screw together, bolt together),
or non-reusable (crimp or swage).
Dash numbers specify 1/16ths of an inch. (e.g. -6 specifies 6/16" = 3/8")
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58. 100
80
60
50
40
30
20
15
5
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
15
20
30
40
50
4-1/2
4
3-1/2
3
2-1/2
2
1-3/4
1-1/2
1-1/4
1
7/8
3/4
5/8
9/16
1/2
7/16
3/8
5/16
1/4
1/8
10
5
1
0.5
Flow
(gpm)
Max. Recommended
Velocity for Pump
Inlet Lines
HOSE SIZING NOMOGRAM
Max. Recommended
Velocity for Return Lines
Max. Recommended
Velocity for Pressure Lines
Hose Size
(inches)
Hose Size = Inside Diameter
Fluid Velocity
(ft/sec)
4
2
3
9
6
8
7
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59. 100 lbs
330 ft/min
330 ft/min x 100 lbs = 33,000 ft-lb/min
1 Horsepower = 550 ft-lb/sec
1 Horsepower = 33,000 ft-lb/min
HORSEPOWER
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60. Force
1 Horsepower
mech
HORSEPOWER
= 33,000 ft-lb/min
= 550 ft-lb/sec
= 6,600 in-lb/sec
= 396,000 in-lb/min
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61. W
W
330 ft.
330 ft.
100 lbs.
100
lbs.
100 min.
1 min.
Work = 100 lbs. x 330 ft.
= 33,000 ft-lb
Work = 100 lbs. x 330 ft.
= 33,000 ft-lb
Power = 33,000 ft-lb
100 min.
= 330 ft-lb/min
= .01 hp
Power = 33,000 ft-lb
1 min.
=33,000 ft-lb/min
= 1 hp
HORSEPOWER
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62. HORSEPOWER CONVERSIONS
1 Horsepower
heat 1 Horsepower
elec= 2547 BTU per hour
= 42.5 BTU per minute
= 746 watts
1 BTU = heat required to raise 1 lb of water 1 F.
o Watts = amps x volts
pressure
drop (psi)
flow (gpm)
heat
Electric MotorHydraulic Restriction
electric current is
converted to mechanical
horsepower
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63. Electric Motor
Hydraulic Pump
electric power in
hydraulic power out
Pump output HP =GPM X PSI X .000583Pump input HP =GPM X PSI X .0007 (83%)
Pump input HP
X PSI GPM X .000583
Pump Efficiency
=
PUMP HORSEPOWER FORMULAS
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64. P
P
T
T
A
A
B
B
HORSEPOWER
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