BASIC INTRODUCTION TO THE URINARY SYSTEM.pptx

BASICS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM

1. THE URINARY SYSTEM BY : Mr. Adede .K J, RN,OR Registered Nurse ,Operating room The Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi

2. Objectives Definitions. Functions. Structures of the Urinary System Conditions of the Urinary System. Roles of A Nursing Assistant 2

3. DEFINITIONS The urinary system produces, stores, and excretes urine via a filtration mechanism in which potentially harmful molecules are removed from the body. It also plays a crucial role in water homeostasis, electrolyte and acid-base balance, and red blood cell production. The human urinary tract is comprised of two kidneys, two ureters, one bladder, two sphincters, and one urethra. Kidneys: The kidneys are bean-shaped organs that are located near the middle of the back, right under the rib cage. These organs -- the size of a human fist -- remove wastes from the blood through structures that act as filters (nephrons). As blood passes through the kidney, the filters remove wastes and form urine. 3

4. Ureters:  Once urine forms in the kidneys, it flows through small tubes (ureters) to the bladder. The ureters are typically between 8 and 10 inches in length. Muscles surrounding the ureters expand and contract to help urine flow to the bladder. Bladder:  The bladder is a muscular organ that functions like a balloon. Urine from the kidneys flows down the ureter and into the bladder where it is stored before it is removed from the body by way of the urethra. As the amount of urine in the bladder increases, the bladder will expand. The average bladder can hold up to 2 cups of urine for two to five hours. Sphincter muscles:  These muscles surround the opening of the bladder, which extends to the urethra. The sphincter muscles expand and contract to hold urine in the bladder and to release urine when needed. 4

5. Urethra:  The urethra is the tube that connects the bladder to the genitals in order for urine to pass outside of the body. In men, the urethra travels through the penis and in women, the urethra ascends above the vaginal opening. When the bladder becomes full, nerves will send signals   to the brain   indicating that it is time   to eliminate urine from the body. 5

6. FUNCTIONS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Excretion:  Excretion involves the removal of liquid and gaseous wastes from the blood. Often, dissolved solids are present in the blood and are also removed through excretion. Secretion:  Secretion occurs through the production of urine. Once wastes have been removed from the blood, they are released (secreted) through urine. Elimination:  Elimination occurs when urine moves from the bladder to the urethra and then out of the body. 6

7. STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN URINARY SYSTEM 7

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9. THE NEPHRON 9

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12. CONDITIONS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Problems with the urinary system can occur as a result of disease, injury, or aging. When the body is not able to remove waste effectively, it can build up in the body and damage various organs. Waste accrual can cause fatigue, difficulty concentrating, shortness of breath, dizziness, nausea, leg or back pain, swelling (edema) of the feet, hands or face, and skin irritation (itching and rashes). Urological issues are typically first discovered through blood or urine tests. If these have abnormal results, additional exams may be necessary to determine the root cause of the problem . 12

13. CONDITIONS/DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or enlarged prostate:  This occurs only in men and is a result of aging. The prostate is a walnut-sized gland that is located by the neck of the bladder, surrounding the urethra. As the prostate enlarges, it places pressure on the urethra. Such compression can cause the urethra to narrow and, in some cases, close completely. If this takes place, a patient may find it very difficult to urinate. Kidney stones :  Kidney stones are a common urological condition in both men and women. Kidney stones form when minerals and other solid substances accumulate in the kidneys or along any part of the urinary tract. When they're too large, these stones can block the flow of urine from the body. 13

14. Urinary tract infections (UTIs):  occur in both men and women. UTIs can be present in any part of the urinary system, from the kidney (pyelonephritis) to the bladder (cystitis) to the urethra (urethritis). 14

15. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE URINE 15 Color Can range from pale/light yellow to straw- colored Frequency Average is 6–7 times in 24 hours. Dependent upon amount of fluid intake, type of fluid, activity, and medications. Urgency fuller bladder will cause increased urgency. Pregnancy can cause pressure on the bladder resulting in a feeling of urgency. Pain or discomfort Normally, there should be no pain or discomfort with urination.

16. Characteristic Abnormal Characteristics Possible Causes Colour Amber, orange, brown, or red Some foods cause color change in urine (beets, rhubarb, blueberries). Vitamins and some medications can cause a bright yellow or orange hue. Dehydration causes urine to be more concentrated and thus darker. Blood in the urine may cause a red tinge. Clarity Cloudy, shreds of mucous, blood clots Could indicate a UTI or other kidney disorder Odour Strong, foul Concentrated urine from dehydration can have a stronger odour . Foul odour can indicate a UTI or other infection. Some foods such as asparagus can cause urine odour to change. Frequency/urgency Increased frequency (more than 7 times in 24 hrs ) and feeling a constant need to void Can indicate a UTI or other medical condition such as diabetes or prostate problems in men 16

17. ROLES OF A NURSING ASSISTANT F ollow Routine Practices when assisting with elimination. Encourage fluids as per the care plan. Provide assistance promptly. Encourage clients to call when feeling the need to void. Provide comfort and privacy to the client as necessary. Utilize adaptive devices as per the care plan (e.g., raised toilet seat, mechanical lifts, commode, and urinal). Ensure the safety of the client (provide call bell, stand by if client is unsteady). Provide peri-care after if the client is unable to do it themselves. 17

18. Ensure to wash the client’s hands afterwards, as well as your own. Note characteristics of urine and report anything abnormal to supervisor . 18

19. THANK YOU Mr. Adede K.J RN,OR 19