Basic principal of genetic engineering

Genetic engineering is the process of using recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to alter the genetic makeup of an organism. Traditionally, humans have manipulated genomes indirectly by controlling breeding and selecting offspring with desired traits.

1. Genetic engineering

2. Histry of genetic engineering Father of Genetic Engineering is Paul Berg . He was the first who developed recombinant DNA technology . 1973 : The first genetically modified animal was mouse created by Rudolf Jaenisch . 1993 : An antibiotic resistant gene was inserted in tobacco plant, leading to first genetically modified plant. 1978 : The technology was commercialized with the production of insulin. 1994 : First genetically modified food Tomato was made.

3. genetic engineering The change in genetic materials of living cells by inserting desired gene through a vector in called genetic engineering. Genetic engineering primarily involves the manipulation of genetic material (DNA) to achieve the desired goal in a pre-determined way. Some other terms are also in common use to describe genetic engineering . Gene manipulation Recombinant DNA ( rDNA ) technology Gene cloning (molecular cloning ) Genetic modifications New genetics .

4. Some importanat terms Gene: The gene is small piece of DNA that encodes for a specific protein. Recombinant DNA: The DNA formed by joining DNA segment of two different organism. Recombinant DNA technology: The technique by which gene of interest is transferred to the host. Genetically modified organism: The organism whose genetic make up is altered/changed using rDNA technology . Genome  The totality of all the genetic material (deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA) in an organism, organised in a precise, though by no means fixed or constant way. In the case of  viruses , most of them will have ribonucleic acid or RNA as the genetic material . Plasmid  A piece of parasitic genetic material found in a cell that can propagate itself using the cell's energetic resources . Vector   A carrier or transmitter of genes (carry foreign DNA fragment). Artificial vectors are made in genetic engineering for multiplying and transferring genes into genomes. Gene cloning  The technique of making many copies of a gene, isolating the gene and identifying it . Gene expression  The synthesis of the gene-product or protein encoded by the gene .

5. Enzymes used: Endonucleases – enzymes that cut DNA molecule at some given location Exonucleases – enzyme that removes one nitrogen base unit at a time Ligases – enzyme that join two DNA segments together

6. Basic step of genetic engineering Isolation of desired DNA fragment(gene of interest) with the help of restriction enzymes. Isolation of DNA vector. Construction of rDNA . In this gene of interest is inserted into the vector using DNA ligase. Transfer the Recombinant vector into the host cell. Multiplication of Host cells containing recombinant DNA. Expression of cloned gene. Selection of Recombinant cells.(obtained desired product).

7. Basic step of genetic engineering

8. Basic step of genetic engineering

9. Applications Genetic engineering has applications in medicine, research, industry and agriculture and can be used on a wide range of plants, animals and microorganisms. In medicine, genetic engineering has been used to mass-produce insulin, human growth hormones, follistim (for treating infertility), human albumin, monoclonal antibodies, antihemophilic factors, vaccines, and many other drugs. In research, organisms are genetically engineered to discover the functions of certain genes. Industrial applications include transforming microorganisms such as bacteria or yeast, or insect mammalian cells with a gene coding for a useful protein . Mass quantities of the protein can be produced by growing the transformed organism in bioreactors using fermentation, then purifying the protein. Genetic engineering is also used in agriculture to create genetically-modified crops or genetically-modified organisms