BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY PRESENTATION

basic principles of pharmacology

1. Basic Principles of Pharmacology Heilah Joy G. Logronio, RMT

2. Pharmacology Is the study of drugs. In its broadest definition, a drug can be described as “any chemical that affects processes of living.” in this sense, a drug includes any substance that alters physiologic function in the organism, regardless of whether the effect is beneficial or harmful.

3. 01 Drug Nomenclatures

4. Drug Nomenclature The term drug nomenclature implies that there are several names that can be used to identify a drug. Drugs have three different names 1. Chemical name 2. Generic name 3. Trade name

5. A chemical name is given when a new chemical entity (NCE) is developed. It is the name given to drug in accordance with rules of chemical nomenclature established by International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) Chemical Name

6. It is useful for chemists or technical personnel as it provides the precise arrangement of atoms and atomic groups in the molecule. It is not used to identify the drug in a clinical or marketing situation. Chemical Name

7. Generic Name It is a short name given to a drug that is not subject to proprietary rights. The Generic name should always be concise and meaningful. It is also called “Non proprietary Name”. it is often the easiest and most effective way to refer to a drug.

8. Generic Name There are two classes of non proprietary names: 1. approved name 2. official name

9. Approved Name This name is given to drug by bodies like United State Adopted Name Council (USAN) and British Approved Name (BAN) soon after its introduction.

10. Official Name It is the name approved by the National Pharmacopeia

11. Trade Name It is the name given to a drug by the pharmaceutical firm which sells the drug. Thus a single dose is sold under many proprietary names by different firms. They are written with capital initial letter and are often further distinguished by superscript R in circle ® Clinicians usually described drug by their proprietary names

12. Identify Paracetamol / Acetaminophen N -acetyl- para -aminophenol Panadol, tylenol

13. Identify 7-Chloro-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one Diazepam Valium

14. Identify 4-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl]- N , N -dimethyl-2,2-diphenylbutanamide Diatabs Loperamide

15. 02 Pharmacology Basics

16. Pharmacology Pharmacotherapeutics Toxicology Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics

17. Pharmacology Toxicology the study of the harmful effects of chemicals Pharmacotherapeutics refers to the use of specific drugs to prevent, treat or diagnose disease

18. Pharmacotherapeutics Pharmacodynamics the analysis of what the drug does to the body, including the mechanism by which the drug exerts its effect. Pharmacokinetics the study of how the body deals with the drug in terms of the way the drug is absorbed, distributed and eliminated.

19. Pharmacotherapeutics Pharmacodynamics cellular effects systemic effects Pharmacokinetics drug absorption/ distribution drug metabolism / excretion

20. Drug Classification Body System Therapeutic or clinical use Chemical Action Prescription vs non prescription Illegal or recreational

21. Pregnancy Classification Category A – Adequate and well-controlled studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in the first trimester of pregnancy (and there is no evidence of risk in later trimesters). Example drugs or substances:  levothyroxine ,  folic acid , liothyronine Category B - Animal reproduction studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Example drugs:  metformin ,  hydrochlorothiazide ,  cyclobenzaprine ,  amoxicillin Category C - Animal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks. Example drugs:  gabapentin ,  amlodipine ,  trazodone

22. Pregnancy Classification Category D - There is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience or studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks. Example drugs:  losartan Category X - Studies in animals or humans have demonstrated fetal abnormalities and/or there is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience, and the risks involved in use of the drug in pregnant women clearly outweigh potential benefits. Example drugs:  atorvastatin ,  simvastatin ,  methotrexate ,  finasteride

23. What are drugs made of Minerals Plants Animals Synthesis Microorganisms

24. Minerals Many mineral substances found in nature are used in drugs.   Examples:  iodine, zinc oxide, and magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt).

25. Zinc oxide Iodine crystals Minerals Magnesium sulphate

26. Plants Certain drugs are derived from vegetables and plants.    Examples:  digitalis, morphine, and senna pod extract.

27. Senna pod Digitalis Plants Morphine

28. Animal The organs, tissues, and body fluids of animals (including man) are the source of some drugs.    Examples:  hormones, antitoxic serums, and gamma globulin from human blood. 

29. Synthesis Synthesis - is the artificial building up of a chemical compound by the union of its elements.  Drugs such as epinephrine that were once available only from natural sources can now be artificially reproduced through synthesis.  Other drugs such as the sulfonamides were originally created through synthesis.  

30. Microorganisms Chemical substances produced by microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria are also sources of drugs.   Examples:  penicillin, tetracycline, and vaccines.

31. Drug Preparations 1. Solid Preparations -Suppository -Ointment -Powder 2. Tablets or pills may be “scored” 3. Fluid preparation

32. Solid Preparations 1. Suppository.  A drug which is molded into shape for insertion into a body opening other than the mouth.  Its vehicle, such as cocoa butter, melts at body temperature and the drug is released.  2. Ointment.  A drug suspended in a semi-solid base such as petrolatum.  3. Powder.  A drug which is ground up and used in powder form.

33. Some dosage forms prepared for oral administration are enteric coated with a special coating that resists the action of the stomach juices but dissolves in the intestine.

34. This helps prevent nausea, irritation of the stomach lining, or destruction of the drug.  Scored tablets are marked with an indented line across the surface so that they can be broken in half, if half a tablet is the dose required.

35. TAKE NOTE!! Drugs prepared with flavored coatings or in flavored vehicles are exceptionally hazardous to children if left where they have access to them.  

36. 03 Drug Preparation

37. Drug Preparations Drugs are compounded into various types of preparations, depending upon each drug's physical characteristics, the purpose for which intended, and the method by which it is to be administered. Some drugs are prepared in more than one form so they may be administered several ways.

38. Drug Preparations Vehicles Solid Preparation capsule tablet caplets lozenges chewables Suppository ointment powder

39. Vehicles To give them bulk or form, drugs may be mixed with other substances which have no action or medicinal value.  These substances are called vehicles.  For a drug in aqueous solution, water is the vehicle; for a drug in an ointment, fatty substances such as petrolatum or lanolin are used as the vehicle. 

40. Capsule - Pharmacists place the powder or jelly medication in a cylindrical outer shell made of dissolvable gelatin. The capsules are odorless and tasteless, making them easy for patients to swallow. The casings break down faster, rapidly releasing the contents into the bloodstream . Sometimes the edges of capsules are sealed, and sometimes not. If you open the capsules, you can add the contents to apple sauce or a protein shake. This is beneficial for smaller children, or people who have difficulty swallowing larger pills. However, it also makes capsules more susceptible to tampering. These are also more expensive to manufacture and purchase

41. Tablet -Tablets are the most common. They are small, smooth, compressed masses of medicated material. Tablets come in a wide range of shapes and sizes to better accommodate patients’ needs. Usually they are circular and flat, and coated with ingredients like sugar to slow the release of into the body. They are less-expensive to manufacture and companies can pack the most material into any given space. This makes them more affordable. They are also tamper-resistant and the most shelf-stable option. Tablets retain their potency for a longer period of time. However, one of the leading drawbacks is that tablets are the most difficult to swallow. Fortunately you can cut scored tablets for dose splitting and more manageable sizes.

42. Caplets -These have all the same advantages of tablets, but are smaller in size with a smoother finish, making them easier to swallow. Unfortunately, fewer products are offered in caplet form and these medicines are often more expensive than tablets.

43. Lozenges are solid dosage forms that are intended to be dissolved or disintegrated slowly in the mouth. They contain one or more active ingredients and are flavored and sweetened so as to be pleasant tasting. It is generally used for their topical effect, but may also have ingredients that produce a systemic effect. Lozenge is a solid preparation consisting of sugar and gum, the latter giving strength and cohesiveness to the lozenge and facilitating slow release of the medicament.

44. Chewables - Sometimes swallowing is not an option. So physicians and pharmacists might recommend chewables. Though larger in size, these medicaments tend to have lower potency. This is because the medicine is mixed with flavorings and sugars to make them more palatable. Usually this option is reserved for children and other patients who have an excessively difficult time swallowing full tablets and capsules.

45. Capsule Tablet Lozenges caplets Chewables

46. Suppository. A drug which is molded into shape for insertion into a body opening other than the mouth. Its vehicle, such as cocoa butter, melts at body temperature and the drug is released. Ointment. A drug suspended in a semi-solid base such as petrolatum. Powder. A drug which is ground up and used in powder form

47. Suppository ointment

48. Some dosage forms prepared for oral administration are enteric coated with a special coating that resists the action of the stomach juices but dissolves in the intestine.

49. This helps prevent nausea, irritation of the stomach lining, or destruction of the drug. Scored tablets are marked with an indented line across the surface so that they can be broken in half, if half a tablet is the dose required.

50. Drugs prepared with flavored coatings or in flavored vehicles are exceptionally hazardous to children if left where they have access to them.

51. Thank you!

52. “ A little progress each day adds up to big results.” —Satya Nani