Basic Principles of Plumbing & Sanitary Design (Final).pdf

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1. BASIC
PRINCIPLES
OF PLUMBING
& SANITARY
DESIGN
CEA 243
ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2

2. TOPICS
•History of Plumbing
•Basic Principles
•Elements of Plumbing/Sanitary System

3. HISTORY OF PLUMBING
•Nearly4000yearsago,theancient
Greekshadhotandcold-water
systemsinbuildings.
•TheMinoanPalaceofKnossosonthe
isleofCretehadterracotta(baked
clay)pipinglaidbeneaththepalace
floor.Thesepipesprovidedwaterfor
fountainsandfaucetsofmarble,
gold,andsilverthatofferedhotand
coldrunningwater.
•Drainagesystemsemptiedintolarge
sewersconstructedofstone.Minoan Palace of Knossos

4. HISTORY OF PLUMBING
•TheMinoanstookadvantageofthesteep
gradeofthelandtodeviseadrainage
systemwithlavatories,sinks,and
manholes.Archaeologistshavefound
pipelaidindepthsfromjustbelowthe
surfaceinoneareatoalmost11feet
deepinothers.
•AtKnossoswefindtheearliestknown
flushingtoilet.Thetoiletwasscreened
offbypartitionsandwasflushedby
rainwaterorbywaterheldincisterns
fromconduitsbuiltintothewall.
•Notjustpalacesbutordinaryhomes
were heated with sophisticated
hypocaustsystems,whereheatwas
conductedunderthefloor,theearliest
knowntoexist.
Minoan Palace of Knossos

5. HISTORY OF PLUMBING
Palace drainage system
Terra Cotta pipes

6. HISTORY OF PLUMBING
Ancient toilet design in Knossos

7. HISTORY OF PLUMBING
•ThefirststormsewersofRomewere
builtabout2800yearsago.Over
2000yearsago,theRomanshadin
placeahighlydevelopedcommunity
plumbingsysteminwhichwaterwas
conveyedovermanymilesbylarge
aqueducts.Water was then
distributedtoresidencesinlead
pipes.
Roman Sewage System

8. HISTORY OF PLUMBING
•CloacaMaxima,isanancientRoman
sewer,oneoftheoldestmonumentsin
theRomanForum.
•Originallyanopenchannelconstructed
inthe6thcenturyBCbyliningan
existingstreambedwithstone,itwas
enclosed,beginninginthe3rdcentury
BC,withastonebarrel(semicircular)
vault.
•Itsprimaryfunctionwastocarryoff
stormwaterfromtheForumdistrictto
theTiber,butinImperialtimeslarge
publicbathsandlatrineswere
connectedtoit.Muchofitsoriginal
masonryhasbeenreplacedbyconcrete.
Cloaca Maxima, Rome

9. HISTORY OF PLUMBING
•TheRomanplumberwasanartisanwho
workedwithlead.Bothmaleandfemale
plumbers soldered,installed,and
repairedroofs,gutters,sewers,drains,
andeverypartoftheplumbingsupply,
waste,andstormdrainagesystems.
•Thetermplumbingisderivedfromthe
Latinwordplumbumforlead(Pb).
•Historianstheorizethatleadleaching
intodrinkingwaterfromwatersupply
pipesandleadfromothersources
poisoned theRoman aristocracy,
contributingtothedeclineoftheRoman
Empire
Ancient Roman plumbing

10. HISTORY OF PLUMBING
•Theperiodfrom500to1500C.E.
wasadarkageintermsofhuman
hygiene;community plumbing
becamealmostnonexistent.
•AttheendoftheMiddleAges,
London’sfirstwatersystemwas
rebuiltaround1500.Itconsisted
partlyoftherehabilitatedRoman
system withtheremainder
patternedoffoftheRoman’sdesign.

11. HISTORY OF PLUMBING
•Pumpingdeviceshavebeenan
importantwayofmovingfluidsfor
thousandsofyears.
•TheancientEgyptiansinvented
waterwheelswithbucketsmounted
onthemtomovewaterfor
irrigation.
•Over2000yearsago,Archimedes,a
Greekmathematician,inventeda
screwpumpmadeofascrew
rotatinginacylinder(nowknown
asanArchimedesscrew).Thistype
ofpumpwasusedtodrainand
irrigatetheNileValley.
Archimedes Screw

12. HISTORY OF PLUMBING
•Thebeginningsofmodernplumbing
beganintheearly1800s,when
steamenginesbecamecapableof
supplyingwaterunderpressure
andinexpensivecastironpipes
couldbeproducedtocarryit.Still,
itwasconsideredunhealthyto
bathe.
•In1835,theCommon Councilof
Philadelphia nearly banned
wintertimebathing(theordinance
failedbytwovotes).Tenyearslater,
Bostonprohibitedbathingexcept
onspecificmedicaladvice.

13. HISTORY OF PLUMBING
•Finally,itwasthroughobservationof
severalcholeraepidemicsinthemid-
1800sthatepidemiologistsfinally
recognizedthelinkbetweensanitation
andpublichealth.Thisdiscovery
providedthethrustformodernwater
andsewagesystems.
•In1848,Englandpassedthenational
PublicHealthAct,whichlaterbecame
amodelplumbingcodefortheworldto
follow.Itmandatedsometypeof
sanitarydisposalineveryresidence
suchasaflushingtoilet,aprivy,oran
ashpit.

14. HISTORY OF PLUMBING
•DrinkingwaterincolonialAmericacame
fromstreams,rivers,andwells.Itwas
commonlybelievedatthetimethatfoul-
tastingmineralwaterhadmedicinalvalue.
•Around thetimeoftheAmerican
Revolution,Dr.BenjaminRush,asignerof
theDeclarationofIndependenceand
surgeongeneralunderGeorgeWashington,
hadthebadfortuneofhavingawellwith
horriblytastingwateratthesiteofhis
Pennsylvaniahome.
•Townspeoplerushedtohiswelltoget
drinkingwaterinhopesthatitsmedicinal
valuewouldcureailments.Unfortunately,
whenDr.Rush’swelldriedoutfrom
overuse,itwasdiscoveredtoolatethatthe
well was geologicallyconnected
undergroundtothedoctor’sprivy.

15. HISTORY OF PLUMBING
•Thebirthoftheplumbingprofessionin
thePhilippinesistracedbacktothe
17
th
century.
•TheWalledCityknownasIntramuros
wasestablishedbytheSpaniardsasa
modelcommunity.TheFriarEngineers
whobuiltthegovernmentbuildings,
residentialandotherstructures
incorporatedEuropeanstandardsin
theirplumbinginstallations.
•Duringthe18thand19thcenturies,
theFilipinoplumberswereassigned
thetaskofmaintaining,repairing
and/orremodelingplumbingsystems
inall"pueblos"ortownsincluding
churches,convents,andgovernment
buildings.
Intramuros

16. HISTORY OF PLUMBING
•PLUMBING tookagreatleapattheturnofthe20thcenturywiththe
arrivalofAmericansoldiers,engineers,Thomasiteteachers,doctors,and
evangelists.
•Healthandhygienebecameaprioritywhenepidemicsincludingcholera,
leprosy,schistosomiasis,andothercontagiousdiseasesengulfedthe
Philippines.Alarmed,Governor-GeneralHarrisonissuedaletterof
instructiononproperwastedisposalinallmunicipalities.
•Sometimein1902,theplumbingtradewasdulyrecognizedbythe
government.TheCityofManilawasthemodelcommunity.Master
PlumberJohnF.HassbecamethefirstChiefoftheDivisionofPlumbing
ConstructionandInspection.

17. HISTORY OF PLUMBING
•Moderncitieshavesophisticated
waterdeliveryandwastewater
treatmentsystems.
•Inbuildings,theplumbingsystem
performstwoprimaryfunctions:
watersupplyandwastedisposal.
•Acompleteplumbingarrangement
consistsofawatersupplysystem,a
sanitarydrainagesystem,anda
wastewatertreatmentsystem.

18. BASIC PRINCIPLES
•Plumbingisdefinedastheartandscienceofinstallingpipes,fixtures
andotherapparatustoconveyandsupplywaterinbuildingandto
disposeanddischargewastewaterandotherliquids,gasesandother
substancesoutofbuildingsinasafe,orderly,healthy,andsanitaryway
toensurethehealthandsanitationoflifeandproperty.
•Plumberisatitlegiventoapersonwhoisskilledinthefieldof
sanitation.
•Plumbinghastwomainobjectives:
1.Tosupplywatertodifferentpartsofthebuilding
2.Toremoveanddischargehumanwastesandothersubstancesoutof
thebuildingintothepublicsewerorseptictank.

19. BASIC PRINCIPLES
•MandatoryRequirementsforaDrainageSystem
1.Allpipejointsmustbewellfittedandtightlyconnectedwitheachother
topreventleakageofgasandliquid.
2.Thedrainagepipeshouldbegradedorinclinedproperlyfora
downwardgravityflowofwatertowardsthemainsewerlineortothe
septictank.
3.Thedrainagepipeshouldbeprovidedwithadequatecleanout,
accessibleforrepairincaseofstoppage.
4.Thedrainagesystemmustbeprovidedwithaventilationpipethatwill
conveygasestotheatmospherewhereitcandonoharmtohuman
health.
5.Exceptforthewatercloset,eachfixtureshallbeprovidedwitha
suitabletrapthatpreventsthebackflowofgases.

20. BASIC PRINCIPLES
•DegreesofWastewater
1.StormWater–waterfromrain
2.GreyWater–fromlaundries,washbasins,sinks,showers,&bathtubs
3.BlackWater–waterplushumanwastebothsolidandliquidflushed
outoftoiletandurinals

21. ELEMENTS OF PLUMBING/SANITARY SYSTEM

22. ELEMENTS OF PLUMBING/SANITARY
SYSTEM
1. Soil Pipe -any pipe which
conveys the discharge of water
closets, urinals, or fixtures
having similar functions
2. Stack-a general term used
for any vertical line of soil,
waste, or vent piping
3. Soil Stack Pipe -a vertical
soil pipe conveying fecal
matter and liquid waste

23. ELEMENTS OF PLUMBING/SANITARY
SYSTEM
4. Stack Vent -an extension
of a soil or waste stack above
the highest horizontal drain
connected to the stack
5. Vent-a pipe or opening
used for ensuring the
circulation of air in a
plumbing system and for
reducing to pressure exerted
on trap seals

24. ELEMENTS OF PLUMBING/SANITARY
SYSTEM
6. Unit Vent -an arrangement of venting so installed that one vent pipe will serve two
(2) traps
7. Wet Vent -that portion of a vent pipe through which liquid waste flow

25. ELEMENTS OF PLUMBING/SANITARY
SYSTEM
8. Branch-any part of a
piping system other than the
main riser or stack
9. Main-the principal artery
of the system to which
branches may be connected
10. Branch Vent -a vent pipe
connecting from a branch of
the drainage system to a vent
stack

26. ELEMENTS OF PLUMBING/SANITARY
SYSTEM
11. Waste Pipe -a pipe that conveys
only liquid wastes free of fecal matter
12. Drain-a sewer or other pipe or
conduit used for conveying groundwater,
surface water, wastewater, or sewage
13. Sewer-a pipe or conduit for
carrying sewage and waste liquids
14. Sewage-the liquid wastes
conducted away from
buildings/structures, also of the
stormwater
15. Sewerage-a comprehensive term,
including all construction for collection,
transportation, pumping, treatment, and
final disposition of waste

27. ELEMENTS OF PLUMBING/SANITARY
SYSTEM
16. Cleanout -a sleeve, calked
or otherwise, joined to an
opening in a pipe, into which a
plug is screwed that can be
removed for the purpose of
cleaning or examining the
interior of the pipe
17. Trap-A fitting or device so
constructed as to prevent the
passage of air, gas, and some
vermin through a pipe without
materially affecting the flow of
sewage or wastewater through
it

28. ELEMENTS OF PLUMBING/SANITARY
SYSTEM
18. House Drain -that part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system that receives the
discharge from soil, waste, and other drainage pipes inside of a building and conveys it to the house
sewer
19. House Sewer -the house sewer is that part of a plumbing system extending from a point about four
(4) or five (5) feet from the inner face of the foundation wall of a building to the junction with another
sewer

29. ELEMENTS OF PLUMBING/SANITARY
SYSTEM
20. House Trap-a trap
connected to the lowest
horizontal piping or House
Drain
21. Relief Vent –a vent
which primary function is to
provide circulation of air
between drainage and vent
system

30. ELEMENTS OF PLUMBING/SANITARY
SYSTEM
22. Public Sewer –a common sewer directly
controlled by the public authority to which all
abutters have equal rights of connection
23. Siphonage-a suction caused by the flow of
liquids in pipes
24. Spigot-the end of a pipe that fits into a bell.
Also, a word synonymously with faucet
25. Seal-the vertical distance between the dip and
crown wire of a trap
26. Roughing-In-the installation of all pipes in the
plumbing system that is in partitions and under
floors
27. Finishing-the setting of fixtures

31. ELEMENTS OF PLUMBING/SANITARY
SYSTEM
28. Sump -a pit or receptacle at a low point to which the liquid wastes are drained
29. Sleeve-a sheet metal placed when concrete is poured to accommodate future
plumbing pipes

32. ELEMENTS OF PLUMBING/SANITARY
SYSTEM
30. Pipe Chase -an opening or
space to accommodate a group
of pipes
31. Plumbing Fixtures –are
installed receptacles, devices, or
appliances which are supplied
with water, or which receives or
discharge into drainage system
which may be directly or
indirectly connected