Basic terminologies in pathology

Basic Terminologies in Pathology

1. Tanveer Tara Lecturer Medical Laboratory Medicine 1

2. Basic Terminologies in Pathology 2 Tanveer Tara Lecturer Medical Laboratory Medicine

3. Definition 3 Tanveer Tara Lecturer Medical Laboratory Medicine

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5. Classification; 5 Tanveer Tara Lecturer Medical Laboratory Medicine

6. Wound and Injury 6 A  wound  is a type  of injury  which happens relatively quickly in which skin is torn,  cut , or punctured (an open wound ), or where blunt force  trauma  causes a contusion (a closed  wound ). In pathology, it specifically refers to a sharp  injury  which damages the dermis  of  the skin. Tanveer Tara Lecturer Medical Laboratory Medicine

7. Etiology 7 The term  "etiology"  refers to a  "study of the cause of a disease."  An etiologic agent is the factor ( bacterium, virus, etc. ) responsible for lesions or a disease state. Genetic Abnormality in Genetic makeup Acquired Physical Agents Chemical Poisons Nutritionals Deficiency Infectious Abnormality immunological reactions Psychological factors Tanveer Tara Lecturer Medical Laboratory Medicine

8. 8 Prognosis The term  "prognosis"  refers to the probably outcome of a disease in a living individual. It is the clinician's estimate of the severity and possible result of a disease.  A forecasting of the probable course and outcome  of a disease, especially of the chances of recovery. Diagnosis The term  "diagnosis"  refers to the  "determination of the nature of a disease expressed in a concise manner.“ Tanveer Tara Lecturer Medical Laboratory Medicine

9. 9 Pathogenesis The term  "pathogenesis"  refers to the  "progressive development (sequence of events) of a disease from the time it is initiated to its final conclusion in recovery or death.“ The  pathogenesis  of a  disease  is the  biological mechanism  (or mechanisms) that leads to the diseased state. The term can also describe the origin and development of the disease, and whether it is  acute ,  chronic Tanveer Tara Lecturer Medical Laboratory Medicine Pathogenesis

10. Types of disease 10 Acute Characteriesed by a sudden onset or rapid course C ommonly know these acute diseases as colds, flu, bronchitis, childhood illnesses, tonsillitis, appendicitis, ear aches, most headaches, most infectious disease, etc   With a short (often less than 1 month) clinical course. Usually respond to therapy and return to a state of  complete normal or pre morbid stage. Tanveer Tara Lecturer Medical Laboratory Medicine

11. Chronic 11 Slow onset or long duration . Chronic diseases are those which have a prolonged duration and pain perception may not be severe e.g. Asthma Bronchiectasis Cardiac failure Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Chronic kidney disease Coronary artery disease Diabetes Rheumatoid arthritis Tanveer Tara Lecturer Medical Laboratory Medicine

12. Idiopathic 12 Disease with unknown cause. Idiopathic: Of unknown cause. Any disease that is of uncertain or unknown origin may be termed idiopathic. For example,  acute idiopathic polyneuritis , , idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis ,  idiopathic scoliosis , Tanveer Tara Lecturer Medical Laboratory Medicine

13. Course  of a  disease The  course  of a  disease , also called its natural history, refers to the development of the  disease  in a patient, including the sequence and speed of the stages and forms they take. Tanveer Tara Lecturer Medical Laboratory Medicine 13

14. syndrome A syndrome is a set of medical signs and symptoms and collection of diseases which are not correlated with each other and often associated with a particular disease or disorder. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_syndromes Tanveer Tara Lecturer Medical Laboratory Medicine 14

15. Teratogenic Disease that are caused by drugs that cross the placenta barrier and harm to fetus. There are many different examples of teratogens that cause birth defects. Listed in the directory below are some, for which we have Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) Phenytoin (Dilantin) Varicella Toxoplasmosis Tanveer Tara Lecturer Medical Laboratory Medicine 15

16. TORCH is a cluster of symptoms caused by congenital  infection  with toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, and other organisms including syphilis, parvovirus, and Varicella zoster . Zika virus is considered the most recent member of  TORCH infections . Tanveer Tara Lecturer Medical Laboratory Medicine 16

17. Venereal 17 . Transmitted by sexual contact. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are infections that are passed from one person to another through sexual contact. The causes of STDs are bacteria, parasites, yeast, and viruses. There are more than 20 types of STDs, including Chlamydia Genital herpes Gonorrhea HIV/AIDS HPV Syphilis Trichomoniasis Tanveer Tara Lecturer Medical Laboratory Medicine

18. Infectious Caused by pathogenic microorganism.’ a disease caused by the entrance into the body of organisms (as bacteria, protozoans, fungi, or viruses) which grow and multiply there,,, http://www.health.ri.gov/diseases/infectious/ Tanveer Tara Lecturer Medical Laboratory Medicine 18

19. the kissing disease.” Mono , or  infectious mononucleosis , refers to a group of symptoms usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). It typically occurs in teenagers, but you can get it at any age. The virus is spread through saliva, which is why some people refer to it as “the kissing disease .” Headache fatigue muscle weakness a  rash  consisting of flat pink or purple spots on your skin or in your mouth swollen tonsils night sweats Tanveer Tara Lecturer Medical Laboratory Medicine 19

20. Incubation period The incubation period of the virus is the time between when you contract the infection and when you start to have symptoms. It lasts for 4 to 6 weeks. The signs and symptoms of mono typically last for 1 to 2 months. The incubation period may be shorter in young children. Some symptoms, like sore throat and fever, typically lessen after 1 or 2 weeks. Other symptoms such as swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, and an enlarged spleen may last a few weeks longer. Tanveer Tara Lecturer Medical Laboratory Medicine 20

21. Mutagenic may be of physical, chemical or biological origin. They may act directly on the DNA, causing direct damage to the DNA, and most often result in replication error, or mutations Tanveer Tara Lecturer Medical Laboratory Medicine 21

22. Non- Communicable A non-communicable disease or NCD is a disease which is not infectious. Such diseases may result from genetic or lifestyle factors. A non-communicable disease is an illness that is caused by something other than a pathogen . It might result from hereditary factors, improper diet, smoking, or other factors. .. Examples include hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and mental health problems, asthma,,allergy etc.. Tanveer Tara Lecturer Medical Laboratory Medicine 22

23. Communicable  disease : 23 an infectious disease transmissible (as from person to person) by direct contact with an affected individual or the individual's discharges or by indirect means (as by a vector). Transmitted by agents fomites , vector. Contagious Transmitted by direct or intimate or contact with skin Ebola , Flu , Hepatitis B , MRSA hepatitis , Rabies , Shigellosis HIV/ AIDS , Measles , Sexually Transmitted Disease , Tuberculosis Zika Tanveer Tara Lecturer Medical Laboratory Medicine

24. What is a bruise? 24 A bruise, also known as a contusion, is a traumatic injury to the skin or the tissues underneath the skin. Bruises may occur after an accident, such as a fall, or from bumping into or being struck by a blunt object. Because the outer skin is not cut or broken, there is no external bleeding. However, damage occurs to blood vessels underneath the skin, causing them to rupture and leak blood. This blood collects or pools underneath the skin. Tanveer Tara Lecturer Medical Laboratory Medicine

25. After a blood vessel is injured, platelets in the blood collect at the site of the injury to form a plug. The platelets combine with certain proteins called clotting factors to form a fibrin clot. This clot helps to prevent blood from leaking from the blood vessel and holds the platelets together so that healing can begin. Tanveer Tara Lecturer Medical Laboratory Medicine 25

26. What causes bruises? Certain bleeding disorders, such as hemophilia and Von Willebrand’s disease, can cause a person to bruise more easily. These conditions are caused by an absence of certain clotting factors (proteins) in the blood. Hemophilia is a relatively rare condition that is usually inherited and mostly affects males. Von Willebrand’s disease is the most common type of bleeding disorder in the United States and affects both males and females. Tanveer Tara Lecturer Medical Laboratory Medicine 26

27. Splenomegaly 27 An enlarged spleen can be  caused  by infections, cirrhosis and other liver diseases, blood diseases characterized by abnormal blood cells, problems with the lymph system, or other conditions. Here are some common infections that can  cause  an enlarged spleen: Viral infections, such as mononucleosis. The  spleen  typically weighs 150 grams (5.3 oz) in a  typical  adult and spans about 11 cm (4.3 inches) vertically in its longest  dimension . Tanveer Tara Lecturer Medical Laboratory Medicine

28. Hepatomegaly Hepatomegaly  is the condition of having an  enlarged liver . It is a non-specific medical sign having many causes, which can broadly be broken down into infection, hepatic tumours , or metabolic disorder .  The  normal liver  weighs 1.4 to 1.5 kg in men and 1.2 to 1.4 kg in women  Tanveer Tara Lecturer Medical Laboratory Medicine 28

29. Lymphadenopathy   Lymphadenopathy  or adenopathy is disease of the lymph nodes, in which they are abnormal in size or consistency.  Lymphadenopathy  of an inflammatory type (the most common type) is lymphadenitis, producing swollen or enlarged lymph nodes . Tanveer Tara Lecturer Medical Laboratory Medicine 29

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31. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology  ( FNAC ) 31  Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is a technique whereby cells are obtained from a lesion using a thin bore needle and smears are made for cytopathological diagnosis. This technique is based on the fact that tumor cells are less cohesive and are easily aspirated. Used in the diagnosis of breast lumps, thyroid nodules, liver disease, subcutaneous soft tissue mass, salivary gland diseases and oral diseases. Tanveer Tara Lecturer Medical Laboratory Medicine

32. Biopsy 32 Biopsy refers to the removal and examination of tissue obtained from the living body. If you're experiencing certain signs and symptoms or if your doctor has identified an area of concern, you may undergo a biopsy to determine whether you have cancer or some other condition. Tanveer Tara Lecturer Medical Laboratory Medicine

33. Types of Biopsy 33 Bone marrow biopsy Trephine biopsy Endoscopic biopsy Needle biopsy Skin biopsy Surgical biopsy https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cancer/in-depth/biopsy/art-20043922 Tanveer Tara Lecturer Medical Laboratory Medicine

34. Autopsy A   post - mortem  examination, also known as an  autopsy , is the examination of a body after death . An  autopsy  (also known as a post-mortem examination or necropsy) is the examination of the body of a dead person and is performed primarily to determine the cause of death, to identify or characterize the extent of disease states that the person may have had. Tanveer Tara Lecturer Medical Laboratory Medicine 34

35. Signs  and  symptoms Signs  and  symptoms  are abnormalities that can indicate a potential medical condition. Whereas a  symptom  is subjective, that is, apparent only to the patient (for example back pain or fatigue), a  sign  is any objective evidence of a disease that can be observed by others (for example a skin rash or lump). Tanveer Tara Lecturer Medical Laboratory Medicine 35

36. Seizures 36 Seizures  are symptoms of a brain problem. They happen because of sudden, abnormal electrical activity in the brain. When people think of  seizures , they often think of convulsions in which a person's body shakes rapidly and uncontrollably. Not all  seizures  cause convulsions Tanveer Tara Lecturer Medical Laboratory Medicine

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39. THANK YOU Tanveer Tara Lecturer Medical Laboratory Medicine 39