basic terminologies in research PowerPoint.pptx

this are the basic terms in research for grade10 students english subject

1. Research can be defined as “a systematic and scientific procedure of data collection, compilation, analysis, interpretation, and implication pertaining to any problem.” It involves (Bajpai, 2011, p.4).

2. Concept- is a term that abstractly describes and names an object, a phenomenon, or an idea. Examples of concepts include common demographic measures: Income – P5,000 – P8,000 Age -18 y/o – 20 y/o Education Level – High School Graduate, College Graduate, Post Graduate Number of Siblings – 3 siblings in the family, 4 or more siblings in the family

3. Theory is an organized body of concepts and principles intended to explain a particular phenomenon. Examples include the theory of relativity, atomic theory, theory of evolution, and quantum theory

4. Two Major Types of Research 1. Quantitative research “describes, infers, and resolves problems using numbers. Emphasis is placed on the collection of numerical data, the summary of those data and the drawing of inferences from the data.”

5. Example: Example is a drug abuser telling you how many pills they consume per week.

6. 2. Qualitative research, on the other hand, is based on words, feelings, emotions, sounds and other non-numerical and unquantifiable elements. It has been noted that “information is considered qualitative in nature if it cannot be analyzed by means of mathematical techniques ( Picknell , 2021). “

7. Example: A drug abuser telling you how they feel about abusing drugs.

8. Variables are any quality of a person, group subject, event, condition or situation that varies or takes on different values. Examples are age , sex , business income and expenses , country of birth , capital expenditure , class grades , eye color and vehicle type

9. TWO TYPES OF VARIABLES

10. Qualitative variables  are characteristics of an individual or object which can only be expressed in  words . Some examples include ethnicity, profession, or gender. 

11. Quantitative variables  are characteristics that can be expressed in numbers. For example, weight, height, and length can all be written numerically. 

12. Quantitative variables are divided into discrete and continuous ones. 1. Discrete variables  can only have a specific set of values that cannot be divided into smaller parts.

13. Example: I f you were counting students in each class and had numbers like 23, 22, 14, and 28, you couldn’t include a number like 27.8, because students cannot be subdivided! Generally, discrete variables do not include decimals. 

14. 2. Continuous variables  are those that can take any value between two numbers.

15. Example: If you need to write the height of a group of basketball players in meters, you could include values like 1.78, 1.65, 1.45, because height can be expressed in that way. You could also use continuous variables to measure things like temperature or the distance between two points. 

16. Hypothesis is a logical supposition, a reasonable guess, and educated conjecture. It provides a tentative explanation of a phenomenon under investigation.

17. Example: A researcher might be interested in the relationship between study habits and test anxiety. The researcher would propose a hypothesis about how these two variables are related, such as "Test anxiety decreases as a result of effective study habits."

18. Sampling it is the process of selecting participants who are representatives of a larger population – gain an understanding of a larger population.

19. Example: a random sample may include choosing the names of 25 employees out of a hat in a company of 250 employees. The population is all 250 employees, and the sample is random because each employee has an equal chance of being chosen.

20. SMART is a good way to remember the fundamentals of research paper writing, and to help prepare an author in writing a successful research paper.

21. Specific: A research paper should be specific. It should maintain its focus on the given subject of research - answering a specific research question - and not be inconsistent or aimless as to convey information or make claims on other, unrelated topics or subjects.

22. Measurable: A research paper must contain specific, proven research, and cites all research sources and related literature.

23. Attainable: A research paper must provide a thesis statement, one that answers the research question and contributes to the knowledge of the given subject. It can't propose to answer a question that doesn't relate to real life or isn't based on an existing body of knowledge.

24. Attainable: A research paper must provide a thesis statement, one that answers the research question and contributes to the knowledge of the given subject. It can't propose to answer a question that doesn't relate to real life or isn't based on an existing body of knowledge.

25. Realistic: A research paper is objective and realistic. Should it be made to present interpretations, arguments, or evaluations, then it should do so based on valid evidence from reliable sources.

26. Time: A research paper cannot be written without the researcher knowing the limits, timeframes, and focus of the required work. Without the writer /researcher stating the scope and limitations of the research paper, it is likely that the thesis statement will be hampered by an inability to answer the given research question or focus on the given research subject.

27. By demographic characteristics Narrow it down by age group, occupation, ethnic group, gender, etc. e.g. challenges faced by international college graduates entering the workforce By relevant issues Try to identify key issues related to your topic, especially ones that you have an opinion on. You can turn your opinion into your thesis statement or research question. e.g. challenges faced by college graduates who are unable to find meaningful or relevant work By location Focus on a specific country, province, city, or type of environment (rural vs. urban). e.g. challenges faced by college graduates entering the workforce in rural Ontario By timeframe Decide whether you want to study recent events or a historical time period. This will also help you decide how current the information you use must be. e.g. challenges faced by college graduates entering the workforce during the COVID-19 pandemic By causes You can take the perspective of looking for causes of an issue you are researching. e.g. Why do employers hire fewer college graduates?

28. TECHNICAL TERMS IN RESEARCH

29. INTRODUCTION -It is the first paragraph of a written research paper, or the first thing you say in an oral presentation, or the first thing people see, hear, or experience about our study.

30. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY- It is a statement of "why" the study is being conducted, or the goal of the study. The goal of a study might be to identify or describe a concept or to explain or predict a situation or solution to a situation that indicates the type of study to be conducted ( Beckingham , 1974).

31. REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE- It is a process and documentation of the current relevant research literature regarding a topic or subject of interest. It is a systematic identification and location of documents concerning information related to the research problem.

32. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK/ LENS -It is the structure that can hold or support a theory of a research study. It introduces and describes the concept which explains why the research problem under study exists.

33. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK - It refers to visual templates, illustrations, and examples to determine theories and methodologies for the research. • It is a visual plan on how to conduct the research.

34. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM/ RESEARCH QUESTIONS -It states the questions that are ought to be answered by the researcher/s. • It refers to an answerable inquiry into a specific concern or issue.

35. HYPOTHESIS - It is an educated prediction that can be tested

36. DEFINITION OF TERMS - Defining important terms is essential to ensure a common understanding of key concepts and terminology is shared between the author and the readers or audience, particularly if the term is unusual or not widely known. These are general words and phrases defined within the context of how they apply to the research study.

37. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY- It mainly focuses on the question “Who will benefit from the study?”. It describes what contribution the study will make and the usefulness of the study in the society.

38. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION - It is to whom will the study be focusing (delimited). It contains the explanation of what information or subject is being analyzed.

39. METHODOLOGY - It discusses the process or method the research study was done or completed. -It tells the main instrument used in gathering of data (survey form, researcher-made questionnaire, interview, etc.)

40. RESEARCH DESIGN - It refers to the overall strategy that you choose to integrate the different components of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring you will effectively address the research problem. • It constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and analysis of data.

41. RESEARCH LOCALE - It refers to the place where the research study was conducted.

42. RESEARCH RESPONDENTS/ RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS - It tells who the group of individuals are used in the research study.

43. ROLE OF THE RESEARCHER -The primary role of the researcher is to safeguard the participants and their data. Mechanisms for such safeguarding must be clearly articulated to participants before the research begins.

44. RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS - These are measurement tools (for example, questionnaires or scales) designed to obtain data on a topic of interest from research subjects.

45. DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE/ DATA COLLECTION- It gives the procedure/ process of conducting the research (permission to conduct the study, administration and retrieval of the questionnaires, tabulation of data gathered, etc.).

46. STATISTICAL TOOLS/ TREATMENT - These are methods involved in carrying out a study which include planning, designing, collecting data, drawing meaningful interpretation, and reporting of the findings.

47. -It indicates the statistical method used or utilized in the study. Example: Mean, T-test, Standard Deviation, Pearson, Regression, One-way Anova , etc.

48. CONCLUSIONS- These are statements drawn or formulated based on the findings of the study. It is the last paragraph or the last part in the research paper.

49. RECOMMENDATIONS - These are stated based on the findings/ results and the conclusions of the research.

50. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS - It states the answers in summary form/ already the gist of the study. -It is the textual generalization, that is, a summary of the important data consisting of text and numbers.

51. TRUSTWORTHINESS OF THE STUDY/ ETHICAL CONSIDERATION

52. 1. norms promote the aims of research, such as knowledge, truth, and avoidance of error. For example, prohibitions against fabricating, falsifying, or misrepresenting research data promote the truth and minimize error.

53. 2. since research often involves a great deal of cooperation and coordination among many different people in different disciplines and institutions, ethical standards promote the values that are essential to collaborative work, such as trust, accountability, mutual respect, and fairness.

54. Example: many ethical norms in research, such as guidelines for authorship, copyright and patenting policies, data sharing policies, and confidentiality rules in peer review, are designed to protect intellectual property interests while encouraging collaboration. Most researchers want to receive credit for their contributions and do not want to have their ideas stolen or disclosed prematurely.

55. Example: many ethical norms in research, such as guidelines for authorship, copyright and patenting policies, data sharing policies, and confidentiality rules in peer review, are designed to protect intellectual property interests while encouraging collaboration. Most researchers want to receive credit for their contributions and do not want to have their ideas stolen or disclosed prematurely.

56. https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/mabini-national-high-school/secondary-education/q4-english-10-module-1/63134762