Basics of extension and its role in agricultural

Extension education is about changing the behavior of the people

1. Extension; Meaning, Nature, Scope, Importance and Extension Leadership Rajinder Kaur Kalra Professor and Head (Retired) PAU Ludhiana 9814067709

2. Education It is the process of developing capabilities of the individuals so that adequately respond to their situations Informal Education : Lifelong process Formal Education : highly institutionalized Non-formal Education : Agricultural Extension

3. Concept of Extension Education The word of ‘extension’ is derived from Latin roots ‘ex’ meaning out ‘ tensio ’ meaning stretching Extension is that type of education which is stretching out to the people in rural areas

4. Definition Ray (2011) Extension defined as the science of developing capability of the people for sustainable improvement in their quality of life. The main aim of extension is human resource development.

5. Bhatnagar & Desai (1987) Extension is to bring desirable changes in the behaviour - knowledge, skill, attitude, understanding, goals & confidence of the people through mutual learning.

6. Leagans, J.P. (1961) Extension Education is an applied science consisting of contents derived from researches, accumulated field experiences and relevant principles drawn from the behavioral sciences, synthesized with useful technology in a body of philosophy, principles, contents and methods focused on the problems of out of school system of education for adults and youth. Kelsey & Hearne (1954) Extension is an out of school system of education in which adult and young people learn by doing. Ensminger (1957) Extension is an education and its purpose is to change attitude and practices of the people with whom the work is done.

7. Concept of Rural Development Rural development is define as the process of developing and utilizing natural and human resources technologies, instructional facilities, institutions and organisations and government policies and programmes to encourage and speed up economic growth in rural areas, to provide jobs and to improve the quality of life towards self sustenance. ( Kartar Singh) Thus Rural development is the Development of economic, social and human component of rural people by bringing changes in their knowledge skill and attitude so as to improve their general standard of living. Concept of Rural Development

8. Importance of Extension Education Extension respects the individuality of the person to make their own decisions and in this way people gain self respect. Scientific innovations are of no use unless they are put into actual practice. It is through the process of Extension Education that these new findings reach the people more speedily. Rural problems to be tackled are so many and are concerned with such a large number of people who had spread over large area, they can only be dealt with an efficient Extension agency meant for that purpose. The trained Extension worker will understand the technology to be transferred among the farmers by studying their problems. Importance of Extension Education

9. Provide feed back- to the agricultural scientists for the possible solution. Communicates the agricultural innovations to the farmers through the different methods and media with in the shortest possible time .

10. Educates the farmers to help themselves. Minimizing time gap: Shorten the time gap between the generation of agricultural innovations and their ultimate use by the farmers.

11. Disciplines of Extension Education Agricultural Extension Animal Husbandry Extension Fishery Extension Forestry Extension Farm Mechanization/ Agricultural Engineering Extension Home Science Extension Medical Extension etc.

12. Agricultural Extension Helps to extending the scientific Knowledge of agriculture Enhancing Agricultural production Processing Marketing including value addition Application of latest technologies For higher income of the farming community

13. Philosophy of Extension Pursuit of wisdom, a body of general principles According to Kelsey and Hearne (1967) philosophy of extension education is to teach people how to think, not what to think. Furnishing the inspiration, supplying specific advice, technical help and counseling

14. C ont… According to Ensminger (1957) Educational process. Extension is changing the attitudes, knowledge and skills of the people Extension is working with men and women, young people, boys and girls to answer their needs and wants Helping people to help themselves Learning by doing and seeing is believing Development of individuals, their leaders, their society and their world as a whole

15. Mildred Horton (1952) The individual is supreme in the democracy The home is the fundamental unit in a civilization The family is the first training group of the human race The foundation of any permanent civilization must rest on the partnership of man and land Mildred Horton (1952)

16. Objectives Objectives are expression of the ends towards which our efforts are directed Dissemination of useful and practical information relating to agriculture, improved seeds, fertilizers, implements, pesticides, dairying, poultry, nutrition, etc. Practical application of useful knowledge to farm and home Improve all aspects of the life of the rural people within the framework of national, economic and social involving the population as a whole

17. Function of Extension Change in Knowledge Change in Skill Change in attitude Change in understanding Change in goal Change in action Change in confidence

18. Principles of Extension Principle of Cultural difference Grass roots principle Principle of indigenous knowledge Interest and needs Learning by doing Participation

19. Cont… Family Principle Principle of Leadership Adaptability Satisfaction Evaluation

20. Qualities of Extension Personnel Must be honest, sincere, hard-working, have patience and high general intelligence Thorough knowledge of the subjects Adjustability in village circumstances Experience of working with village people Acquainted with the nature of problem and the cultural background

21. Cont… Prompt and able to influence the villagers in a positive way Determination to achieve his goal Listen to others, respect their opinion, think over the problems and suggestions carefully Simple living and high thinking Search of new ideas, up to date ideas and techniques

22. Extension Education P rocess Extension Education Process Situation (What it is now) Objectives (What should be) Teaching (What to teach & how to teach) Evaluation (What has been the result) Reconsideration (What next to do)

23. Steps in Extension Teaching Attention Interest Desire Conviction Action Satisfaction

24. Activity, Involvement and Learning Reading Listening Looking at charts Watching a film or video Demonstrations Discussion Making a presentation Role play Practising the real thing Doing the real thing 10% of what we read 20% of what we hear 30% of What we see 5 0% of What we hear & see 7 0% of What we say 9 0% of What we say and do We tend to remember Our level of involvement Verbal Receiving Visual Receiving Receiving and Participating Doing Dales Cone of Experience

25. Activity of influencing people to cooperate towards some goal. Extension Leadership Extension Leadership

26. Types Of Leaders Traditional Leaders Caste Leaders Religious Leaders Political Leaders Functional Leaders Opinion Leaders Types of Leaders

27. Thank You

28. Cont… Helps to train the farm leaders or ‘contact farmers’ so that technology diffused among other farmers Innovative Extension Approaches: Decentralized and demand driven Market Led Extension Use of ICT PPP Model

29. Decentralized and demand driven Decentralization University level Village level Demand Driven Providing farmers with access to linkage mechanisms through which they can articulate their problems Organize farmers into functional groups Commodity based and area based system

30. Approaching F armers Farmers Field Schools (FFS) Punjab Kisan Club PAU fruit and vegetables grower association Punjab Bee Keeper Association Tree grower association PAU Kheti Doot PAU Seed Producer and Nursery Grower Association (SAPNA) Skill Development Centre Trainings in PAMETI

31. Market Led Extension Market-led :- Identification of customer needs and wants before offering a service . Some of the developments are Farmers Interest Groups Collective marketing Apni mandi E- NAM

32. SOME SUCCESSFUL ENTERPRENURS USING MARKET-LED EXTENSION Name of the Self Help Group Name of the Farm Women Products Global Self Help Group Gurdev Kaur , Ayali Khurd Honey, Pickle, Saag Ready to Cook, Ready To Serve Asal Self Help Group Nasib Kaur , Bathinda Honey, Pickle, Saag Ready to Cook, Ready To Serve Mai Bhago Self Help Group Parmjit Kaur , Lohara Cleaning agent, Soya Product Mata Sindri Self Help Group Karmjit Kaur , Bains Honey, Saag Ready to Cook, Ready to serve

33. Public-Private Partnership PPP is a mode of implementing government programmes /schemes in partnership with the private sector. It provides an opportunity for private sector participation in financing, designing, construction, operation and maintenance of public sector programme and projects

34. PPP in India M/s. Jain Irrigation systems Limited, Jalgaon :- To collaborate in the field of agricultural education, research and extension. ITC Limited, Calcutta :- To release new technologies in different field of agriculture for its commercialization and wider scale adaption through ITC transfer of improved crop production technology etc. Syngenta India Limited: To collaborate and support projects that shall be initiated to develop, demonstrate and come up with solution to educate the farmers/growers in different fields to enhance productivity, quality and shelf life of the farm produce and other related research and development activities.

35. Onkar seeds corporation :- quality seed production of vegetables Sampuran Agriventures :- Production and selling consortium biofertilizer developed by PAU within India Farming Solutions Private Limited :- Manufacturing and selling of the poly net house

36. Use of ICT The information and communication technologies (ICTs) are giving farmers and rural people greater access to information E Agriculture is an emerging field focusing on the enhancement of agricultural and rural development through improved information and communication processes

37. Tools

38. By Institutes

39. By Extension Personnel

40. Thank You