Basidiomycota by sohail

Introduction
Salient features
Characteristics
Classification
Somatic structures
Basidium
Asexual reproduction in basidiomycetes
Basidiocarp

1. Kingdom Fungi Phylum Basidiomycota

2. Presented by: Sohail Riaz Presented to: Ma’am Hira Fatima

3. Table of contents Introduction Salient features Characteristics Classification Somatic structures Basidium Asexual reproduction in basidiomycetes Basidiocarp

4. Introduction: Basidiomycota is the second largest phylum of kingdom fungi. Approximately 30,000 species The diagnostic character of this phylum is the presence of a basidium bearing basidiospores The basidiospores are produced on club shaped cells called basidia

5. Cont.... Basiodiopores in basidiomycota are produced by exogenously. The basidia bearing bodies of the basidiomycota vary from different in different species The minute pustules of the species of puccinia ( uredinales ). The flat geletinous films of many species of exidiopsis , the large perennial, flattened, horse hoof shaped basidiocarps in species of Ganoderma

6. Salient features: The presence of clamp connections Dolipore septa A double layered wall Lamellate electron opaque in electro microscopy

7. Characteristics The most conspicuous and familiar Basidiomycota are those that produce mushrooms, which are sexual reproductive structures . The dikaryotic phase interspered between plasmogamy and karyogamy . Major division of the kingdom fungi whose members are characterized by the presence of the basidium.

8. Cont... Basidia means '' little pedestral '' Basidiomycota commonly called club fungi Fruiting bodies are popularly know as mushrooms and toadtools The absence of flagellated cells These species have no differentiated sex organs except in the rusts The sexual function is performed by the less specialized structures usally somatic hyphae

9. Classification: According to Kirk etal in 2001 there are 3 classes 23 orders 130 families 153 genera 29914 species in this phylum.

10. Examples: The important fungi are rusts, smuts, agarics, polypoes various fungi, false truffles, puffballs, stinkhorns, boletes, earthstars, bunts etc

11. Somatic structures The basidiomycota are typically mycelial but some are yeasts. There are three kinds of mycelia Primary mycelium Secondary mycelium Tertiary mycelium

12. Primary mycelium On germination a-basidiospore give rise to primary mycelium which is usually of short duration and limited extent The primary mycelium is branched septate and haploid in nature with uni nucleate Primary mycelium is usually monokaryotic By the method of dikaryotization the production of secondary mycelium occur

13. Secondary mycelium: The secondary mycelium is occur commonly ,often perennial growing centrifugally year after an year and produce basidiomata According to butler and jones in 1949 the mycelium of marasmiums oreades may live up to the age of 400 years and form basidiocarps each year In secondary mycelium morphogenetic changes occur and tertiary mycelium form

14. Tertiary mycelium Secondary mycelium form complex tissue such as basidiocarps it is rare in basidiomycetes

15. Cont …. The majority of basidiomycota are heterothallic About 10 percent of the basidiomycota are homothallic There are two types of homothallism Primary homothallism Secondary homothallism

16. Primary homothallism The basidiomata are produced by the germination of a single basidiospore and there is no genetic distinction between the two nuclei of a dikaryon and mycelium is capable of producing fruiting bodies Example Coprinus sterquilinus

17. Secondary homothallism Basidiospore are consists of two nuclei and each spore on germination produce dikaryotic mycelium producing basidiomata . Example C oprinus ephemerus

18. Cont … The remaining 90% of the basidiomycota are reported to be heterothallic About 25% show simple type of heterothallism characterized by 2 mycelial types 4 different type of mycelial are also formed called tetrapolar species such as schizophyllum commune

19. Basidium A basidium is a cell or organ that bears exogenous basidiospores that are formed by following karyogamy and meiosis Basidium is the structure homologous to the ascus Like ascospores the basidiospores are formed in the basidiomycota A typical basidium is a unicellular, club shaped structure which originates as terminal cell of a binucleate hypha

20. Cont …

21. Holobasidia A type of basidium that is not divided by primary septa are single celled is called holobasidia For example Agaricus Phargmobasidia A type of basidium which is divided by primary septa usually transversely manner For example Tremella

22. Cont ….. Teliospore formation In this type of basidium development begins when thick walled resting spore termed teliospore which germinates to form a germ tube on which basiodiospore formed Example Rust and smut in puccinia

23. Clamp formation Clamp is formed on the secondary mycelium It is a hypal outgrowth which makes a connection between the resulting two cells by fusion with cell division Clamp connection ensure the maintain the dikaryotic condition. It serve as a bypass mechanism

24. Cont... . Cell division is restricted to the tip cells of the hyphae The cell sends a short lateral arcuate outgrowth that projects towards the base of the cell One of the two nuclei in each cell migrates into this outgrowth while remain with in the cell

25. Asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction occurs commonly in the basidiomycetes. It occur by budding ,fragmentation of mycelium,formation of conidia , arthrospores formation and oidia Budding First it produces a small protuberance on the parent cell that grows to a full size and forms a bud The nucleus of the parent cell splits into a daughter nucleus and migrates into the daughter cell

26. Budding in yeast

27. Conidia A type of asexual reproductive spore of fungi (kingdom Fungi) usually produced at the tip or side of hyphae (filaments that make up the body of a typical fungus) or on special spore-producing structures called conidiophores Example Urediniospores produces in rust are form of conidia

28. Arthospores : The hyphae of many basidiomycota get fragmented into uninucleate sections called arthospores These may be uninucleate or binucleate depends upon the nature of mycelium If mycelium is primary as in Coprinellus micaceus

29. Cont …. Primary and secondary mycelium as in flammulina velutipes Secondary mycelium as in peniophora giganteal

30. Oidia oidia are produced on specialized, erect, hyphal branches known as oidiophores These are cylindrical, uninucleate and smooth walled Oidia are form on primary mycelium

31. Sexual reproduction Sexual reproduction is rare in basidiomycota Sexual organs are generally not found in basidiomycota except i.e rust The essenceof sexuality plasmogamy,karyogamy and meiosis does not take place in basidiomycetes Sexual reproduction is a lengthy process in basidiomycota

32. Cont ….. The life cycle is divided into two phases Short diploid phase Long haploid The monokaryotic phase is typically very short while the dikaryotic phase which starts with the coming together of two sexual nuclei during plasmogamy,predominates during the greater part of life cycle It ends with occurrence of karyogamy and meiosis in basidium and four basidiospores are formed

33. Basidia produced highly organized fruiting bodies called basidiocarps. These are vary in size. they may be microscopic to a meter or more in diameter Basidiocarps disintegrate and release spores. Such as coral fungi ,shelf fungi,puffballs are basidiocarps. Basidiocarp

34. Hymenia Basidia are form in layers called hymenia. Basidioles Basidia contain sterile elements called basidioles . These are large in size than basidia . These structures are sterile. They give support to the fertile basidia.

35. Economical importance The rust and smut causes many dieases of cereals Mushrooms are enjoyed by mushroom hunters and others for food and flavour Puff balls and mushrooms are high food value The fungus clavatia contain the anti cancer substances Some of the basidiomycetes are wood rotters and decomposers of cellulose and lignin Some members are deadly poisonous like the amanita phalloides and amanita verna

36. Ecological importance Beneficial to forest ecosystem because they decompose rotten tissues by forming symbiotic relationship with trees Some of them like chanterells are fungi which supplying their partner tree with nitrogen Some basidiomycetes from mutalistic association Yeast is important in fermentation process

37. THANKS