BCA-So.xsda sa s-Tech-Chapter-Three.pptx

1. Chapter-Three Social System and Social Stratification of Nepalese Society Social System and Social Stratification Social Processes and Socialization Social and Cultural Change in Nepal Factors of Social and Cultural Change in Nepal Caste/Ethnicity based Stratification Gender based Stratification Religion based Stratification Ecological based Stratification National Integration: Historical process of Nationhood, Cultural Integration…..

2. Social Processes Social processes are fundamental human relationships embedded in social structures and systems consisting of enculturation, acculturation, assimilation, co-operation, conflict, adaptation, integration, socialization etc. It is the manner in which all types of human relationships are brought together for collective good. Hence, different modes of interactions are entitled to be called social processes. Social processes are the ways in which individuals and groups interact, adjust and readjust and establish relationships and pattern of behavior which are again modified through social  interactions. Social interaction is thus the general process whereby two or more persons are in meaningful contact-as a result of which their behavior is modified. Social processes refer to forms of social interaction that occur repeatedly. By social processes we mean those ways in which individuals and groups interact and establish social relationships.

3. Hurton and Hunt define that “Social processes refer to the repetitive forms of behavior which are commonly found in social life.” Hence, social processes are the human relationships mediated through vivid social interactions. We can get different types of relationships like cooperation between and among the social members, conflict might occur due to class and ideological difference, integration for the collective benefit. The scholars have found some types or forms of social processes which are as follows; 1. Enculturation 2. Acculturation 3. Assimilation 4. Co-operation 5. Competition 6. Conflict 7. Globalization

4. 1. Enculturation: Enculturation is the process by which people learn the dynamics of their surrounding culture and acquire values and norms appropriate or necessary in that culture. Or the enculturation is the process by which an individual learns the traditional content of a culture and assimilates its practices and values. 2. Acculturation: Acculturation is a process through which a person or group from one culture comes to adopt the practices and values of another culture, while still retaining their own distinct culture. Or Acculturation can be defined as the process of learning and incorporating the values, beliefs, language, customs and mannerism of the new country.

5. 3 . Assimilation: It is a form of relationship in which small cultural identities are melted or fused into the majority very unconsciously and gradually. It is also a process of mutual cultural diffusion through which persons or groups come to share a common culture having same sentiments and goals. 4 . Co-operation: Co-operation is the process of groups of organisms working or acting together for common, mutual or some underlying benefits as opposed to working in competition for selfish benefit. Or it is an act or instance of working or acting together for a common purpose or benefit, joint action.

6. 5. Competition: It is a form of social process in which two or more persons strive for the same objectives and rewards with or without contact. Competition is a contest between two or more entities, organisms, animals, individuals, economic groups etc. for territory, for scarce recourses, goods, for mates, for prestige, recognition, for awards, for group or social status, or for leadership and profit. 6. Conflict: Conflict is a serious disagreement and argument between people with opposing opinions or principles. It is a deliberate attempt to oppose the will of others with or without violence. It is the fundamental and easy social process in which an individual seeks to possess a reward by weakening his rivals. Economic disparity between rich and poor, provision of superiority and inferiority is creating conflict. 7. Globalization: Simply, the globalization is the process of becoming single world community. Globalization describes the growing interdependence of the world’s economy, culture and population brought about by cross-boarder trade in goods and services, technologies and flows of investment, people, and information.

7. Socialization Socialization is the process of internalizing the norms and ideologies of society. Socialization is a life long learning process in which knowledge, human values, human virtues, human experiences, beliefs, sentiments and morals are transmitted from generation to generation through family, peer groups, schools, colleges, universities, public spheres, research centers, mass media etc.. It is the process by which an individual is transformed from biological being into social beings. Socialization is a processes with the help of which a living organism is changed into a social being. It is a process through which the younger generation learns the adult role which it has to play subsequently. It is a continuous process in the life of an individual and it continues from generation to generation. Every society is faced with the necessity of making a responsible member out of each child born into it. The child must learn the expectations of the society so that his behavior can be relied upon. He must acquire the group norms. The society must socialize each member so that his behavior will be meaningful in terms of the group norms.

8. Bogardus defines socialization as “ Socialization is the process of working together of developing group responsibility or being guided by welfare needs of others.” The above definition advocates that socialization is a process by which learning enables the learner to mould his behavior, attitude, beliefs, skills and standard of judgment. Agents or Agencies of Socialization a) Family b) Peer Groups c) Academic Institution d) Mass Media e) Working Organization f) Religious Institution e) Socio-cultural institution f) Informal Devices

9. Major Types of Socialization Primary Socialization: The process of socialization which takes place at home is called primary socialization. Linguistic power, love and care, internalization of norms and values, family code of conduct, sense of right and wrong, morality and human virtues are some of the examples of primary socialization. 2. Anticipatory Socialization: It is the learning process in which an individual learns the culture of different groups according to social context and situation i.e. outside of home. 3. Developmental Socialization: Developmental Socialization is the process where an individual develops his personality by blending the existing knowledge with the new knowledge. 4 . Re-Socialization: In order to adjust with the new situation an individual should be able to develop new skill, working procedures with new knowledge, new technology, modern way of living, changing trends of social values and survival mechanisms are the major factors for re-socialization.

10. Processes of Socialization William Ogburn and Toffler (1981) are the scholars to theorize social processes of change. Their work still forms the basis for much of the recent theory and research on social change. Their research has projected that discovery, inventions and cultural diffusion are the prime factors to shape social change.(See page no. 100 about Discovery, Invention and Diffusion) Factors of Socio-cultural Change: Some external and internal factors are the major forces in order to make the society change. Some of them are as follows; Biological or Demographic factors: Demography is concerned with the size and structure of human population. The social structure of a society is closely related with the changes in the size, composition and distri­bution of population. The size of the population is based mainly upon three factors—birth rate, death rate and migration (immigration and emigration).

11. The decline of both the birth rate and the death rate bring social transfor­mation. With changes in size to changes in composition. While the birth rate is falling, the proportion of younger people in the proportion of youth’s declines and that elders advances significant social changes occurs . 2. Physical or Geographical Factors: Some physical factors are responsible for social change. Society suffers a lot due to natural calamities like flood, cyclone, famine, earthquake, volcanic eruption and war. Such factors bring a vast change in the location, size and population of the society. Old civilization came to an end and new civilization came to existence owing to this change . 3. Technological Factors: Advancement of science and technologies has brought a revolutionary change almost in all societies of the world. The development of these techniques depends on inventions and discoveries. Discovery of steam power, petrol, electricity, invention of wireless, broadcasting, cinema and television have produced tremendous effect on industry, politics, religion, education, entertainment home and social structure, means of transportation and communication have brought social change.

12. 4. Cultural Diffusion Factors: No society remains isolated from outside contacts. One culture influences other. Such cultural diffusion is responsible for the development of western civilization. Owing to mixture of various culture like Hindu, Muslim, Christian etc. have brought a great change in the style of life in every society. Today we find the influences of western culture in almost all aspects of our life-food, dress, manners, education, literature, so on and so forth . 5. Political Factors: Politics play a vital role in bringing social change. The state and central government change the rules, regulations for the people in order to change the social pattern. Different political parties with their ideologies bring a social change throughout the country. Women empowerment, violation on women, prohibition on child marriage, reduction on child labour , educational system etc. passed in the legislation bring a social change.

13. 6. Educational Factors: Educationists through their educational ideologies bring a change in the society. Education acts as the chief and most powerful instrument for the social change. Educational institutions, books, magazines, newspapers etc. greatly affect the social life of the people. Hence, the role of education is felt seriously to change the society in all aspects . 7. Economic Factors: The progress of the society is mainly determined by means of production which may be agricultural, industrial, rural or urban depending on economic status. Industrialization is responsible to form different classes of people in society such as capitalists, industrialists, and hoarders, middle and poor class people. Economic factors create new township, cities, industries, factories which bring a social change in a newly social form.

14. Social Stratification Social stratification is a layer of society into higher and lower social ladder in terms of caste, class, ethnicity, division of labor, religion, age and sex composition etc. Social stratification is taken as a particular form of social inequality. It is the division and hierarchical ranking of the people into layers associated with different degrees of command over material resources, power and prestige. Social stratification refers to a society's categorization of its people into groups based on socioeconomic factors like wealth, income, race, education, ethnicity, gender, occupation, social status, or derived power.

15. Caste/Ethnicity based Stratification Caste: Caste is predetermined social status based on hereditary qualities. It is a blood purity and inborn social hierarchy supported by genetical character. It is deep rooted and long lasting social institution among Hindus which has created the social stratification vertically and horizontally. It is a collection of families, bearing common name, claiming a common descent, following the same common hereditary practices rooted in clan, mythical ancestor, hierarchical division of society.

16. Features/Characteristics of Caste It is a hierarchical division of society. It is a social purity or blood purity. It is a social hierarchy. There is a provision of purity and pollution in caste system. Restriction on food items and social relationship. There is a provision of restrictions in mate selection and occupational choices. There is a provision of civil and religious privileges of certain caste etc.

17. Caste based Social Stratification of Nepalese Society Caste system is such type of social stratification where division of labor, food and relationship are determined on the basis of birth. Historically speaking, Junga Bahadur Rana in 1854 A.D. made some caste based social stratification in order to control and maintain the social order. According to Junga Bahadur Rana ; 1. Tagadhari The people wearing thread, i.e. Brahmins, Chhetri , Thakuri , Sanyasi etc. are known as Tagadhari . 2. Matwali The people who allow alcohol to drink culturally are known as Matwali .

18. 3. Pani nachalne , chhoi chhito halnu naparne The people who are supposed to be impure but touchable caste are known as …………… 4. Pani nachalne , chhoi chhito halnu parne The people who are supposed to be impure and untouchable caste are known as ……… Hence, Caste based social hierarchy has become weak and class based social hierarchy has become prominent in comparing with past. Academic awareness, economic empowerment and merciful laws are the major factors to make caste weak which is good for the democratic society.

19. Class-Based Stratification Class is mainly the group of people formed on the basis of economy which contributes to social stratification. People in a society are economically divided into rich, middle and poor class. The rulers, upper class, rich people who have access to means and resources, discriminate and exploit the poor ad people having little access to means and resources. Long term exploitation and inequalities become the form of stratification. Aristocracy, nobility, higher class have been classified based on property, power and prestige. It is culturally defined group that accords particular position of status in society. In conclusion, class is the group of people represented or participated or unified similarly in their social life. So, group of people having similar status, prestige, wealth, occupation, education etc. can be termed as social class.

20. Class Based Stratification in Nepalese Context Aristocracy Modern Bureaucrats The Bourgeoisie Middle Class Petty Bourgeoisie Peasants Rural Proletariats In gist, we can say that class is one of the powerful criteria of social stratification which is supported by property, material resources and possession.

21. Ethnicity based Social Stratification Ethnic groups are cultural minorities. It is the distinct cultural identity that is physically, linguistically and mythically distinct from others. Or ethnicity is a feeling of superiority towards their own culture, identity and having strong “ we feeling “ among the members of the same community. According to David Popenoe , ‘ Ethnicity is a group that is socially differentiated has developed its own sub-culture an has a shared feeling of people-hood.’

22. Gender-Based Social Stratification Sex means the biological differences between a male and a female whereas gender means the psychological differences between a male and a female. It is a socio-cultural production of the patriarchal structure that transmits the ideology from generation to generation which grossly controls the existence of female. In the process of the development of patriarchal social structure and relationship, different gender roles and relationships are formed. This process has made male as active, rational and independent and women as passive, emotional and dependent.

23. Characteristics of Ethnicity Ethnic groups have a strong sense of ‘people-hood’. Membership of ethnic group is shifted from one generation to another generation from parent to child. Members of an ethnic group take part together in activities that are centered in their shared traits and background activities. An ethnic group is set apart from others because of distinct cultural patterns.

24. Society prescribes certain role and code of conduct to them which is full of bias and prejudices and treats them as something other, hence gender is psychological aspect, cultural aspect and ideological aspect. Feminists are of opinion that entire cultural production is dominated by a patriarchal value. The women are made to be subjugated by male. Characteristics of Gender It is an issue against the patriarchal structure and its domination. It is the voice against the exploitation, domination, subordination and marginalization. It advocates towards equal status, role and social hierarchy. It is the voice against patriarchy in controlling sex, sexuality and reproduction of female etc..

25. Classification of Gender in Nepalese Context Rituals and Values Most of the rituals in Hindu culture are performed by sons like puja, cremation of parents, post funeral mourning periods whereas even the daughters’ clan is changed after marriage and attached with the son’s one. Patriarchal households Income and households and major decisions are primarily attached to males and only the reproductive works are assigned to females. Patrilineal Society Descent and property transforms from male head of the family to offspring..

26. Gender and Social evils Chaupadi , Dewaki , Witchcrafts, Dowry system are some of the culture in Nepal which have targeted to abuse women. Domestic violence and sexual abuse are some of the social evils related to Gender. Employment The minority of work-centered women who have adopted the male profile of continuous full time employment and are financially self-supported whereas the majority of the women has been treated as ‘something other.’ But due to the empowerment in education, bureaucracy, political engagement i.e. 33% of reservation and other decision making made us optimistic for the equal footing in future.

27. Religion Based Social Stratification Religion is a cultural system of designated behaviors and practices, morals, world views, texts, prophecies, ethics or organizations that relates humanity to supernatural, transcendental or spiritual elements. Or religion is a permanent social institution comprising holy books, sacred objects, ideology, creeds, unknown power, moral order and spiritually mediated through unified system of beliefs and practices. Religious stratification is a society into hierarchical layers on the basis of religious beliefs, affiliation or faith practices.

28. Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Confucianism are some major religions in the world developed over a period of time. Nepal is a country where Hindu as sanatan dharma and Buddhism as practice in the form of religion were originated in our country and expanded in the world. Hence, Nepal is the country of Hindus and Buddhists. Both the religions are complementary to each other. Traditionally, Rai , Limbu , Sunwar , follow Kirat religion in addition Hindu practices.

29. Ecological Based Stratification Nepal is broadly divided into three ecological zones i.e. Mountain, Hill and Terai . Each zone is stratified as higher and lower in terms of infrastructural development, educational status, political engagement, development of trade and commerce, business and industry. Comparatively, Terai is more developed than mountain and hilly region as Terai is suitable for agriculture, industries and other socio-economic infrastructures. Rigid topography, lack of infrastructural development, lack of educational and health facilities and the lack of employment opportunities are the major factors that made the situation unfavorable for development. Therefore, more than 50 percent of people in Nepal reside at terai zone though it occupies 23 percent of areal.

30. National Integration Integration is an act of bringing together smaller components into a single system that functions as one. It also refers to the unification within a single framework through cultural and political spheres. This concept also gives emphasis on inter-relationship of different groups of people into a single framework for their collective good and identity. Integration is a process of integrating of different groups into a single framework in terms of politics, education, economy, culture, religion and all regions. Hence, integration of different group of people into a single framework or within a single umbrella is called National Integration. Or national integration is the awareness of a common identity amongst the citizen of the country though we belong to different castes, religions and regions or speak different languages.

31. Major Dimensions/Elements of National Integration Socio-cultural Dimension Economic Dimension Psychological Dimension Political Dimension Administrative Dimension etc…. See Page No. 131 ( Asmita Publication)

32. Cultural Integration Cultural integration is a form of cultural exchange in which one group assumes the beliefs, practices and rituals of another group without sacrificing the characteristics of its own culture. Cultural integration is a healthy intermingling of the beliefs and rituals of two unique cultures which may result a new culture and civilization. Reciprocity, honor of one another’s culture, acculturation of different groups, interdependence, internal needs and influence of one another, tolerance, participating with each other’s cultural performance and cross cultural exchange are the practice of cultural integration. Or cultural integration is the one in which all the cultural groups are interwoven with same sentiments and goals. Language, customs and rituals are the major components in binding the people together. In gist, within culture customs, language, norms, values, religious beliefs, rituals and other sub-cultural traits are interwoven.

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