Beeding Gladiolus by zahid mushtaq .pptx

Gladiolus breeding

1. Topic :- Breeding OF gladiolus: Presented by:- Mir Sajeed Altaf, Shahid Mir , Nayeem Mushtaq , Zahid Mushtaq Submitted to:- Dr. N H MASOODI Course code : FLA-325

2. Common name;- Sword lily Scientific name :- Gladiolus grandiflorus Family:- Iridaceae. Chromosome no. 2n=30,60 Origin:- South Africa Inflorescence:- Spike consisting of 10-25 florets Also known as queen of bulbous flower crops Botanical classification:

3. Used as cut flower ( G. robinetta) or can be used as pot(G. charm ) also. This is the only cut flower in India grown on a large scale. The generic name comes from Latin word gladius meaning sword which refers to sword like leaves. The most important gladiolus growing countries are Netherlands, Germany, and USA.

4. Gladiolus is hermaphrodite in nature, It belongs to family Iridaceae. The basic chromosome number in the genus is 30 but the number present in the typical modern gladiolus is 60. Flower Structure: Gladiolus flowers are arranged on a tall spike, or inflorescence.
Each spike can have 12-20 florets, which open sequentially from the bottom up.
The florets are funnel-shaped and come in a wide range of colors. Floral Biology :

5. Contd… Pollination: Gladiolus flowers are typically pollinated by insects, especially bees.
Some species are also visited by butterflies and moths. Reproductive Organs: Each floret has 3 stamens and a single pistil.
The ovary is inferior. Planting time: October for plains and March-April for hills.

6. Contd… Flowering Time: Generally, gladiolus flowers bloom 8 to 12 weeks after planting. Propagation: Gladiolus can be propagated by corms (underground storage organs) and cormels (small corms produced around the base of the mother corm).
Seed propagation is possible but less common due to the long time required for seedlings to flower.

7. Important groups and species of Gladiolus group Species distribution remarks Eurasian G. atroviolaceous Syria , lebanon Flat leaves and irrespective of weather conditions, shoots emerge during February G. byzantinus West and south east Europe Narrow leaves, first leave is sword like and stem is branched East Africa G. aequinoctalis South, south west and west Africa Strong fragrance , thin drooping stem, tubular neck Natalensis G. psittacinus varhookeri All over the world Pentaploid, late flowering and takes 190 days from planting to flowering , highly prolific G. primulinus South Africa Small sized flowers , clear yellow color South African cape species G. maclatus South Africa Strongly fragrant with freesia like flowers G. odorous South Africa Slightly fragrant, slender erect stem

8. Classification based on number of florets per spike: Large Flowering Gladiolus: Florets per Spike: Usually 10-14 florets per spike.
Examples: White Prosperity, Nova Lux, Peter Pears Miniature Gladiolus: Florets per Spike: Typically 6-10 florets per spike. Examples: Atom, Lambada, Ruby Primulinus Gladiolus: Florets per Spike: Generally 8-12 florets per spike. Examples: Priscilla, Plum Tart.

9. Contd… Nanus Gladiolus :
Florets per Spike: Around 6-8 florets per spike.
Examples: Albus, Albino. Butterfly Gladiolus: Florets per Spike: Typically 8-12 florets per spike.
Examples: Butterfly, Lucky Star.

10. To develop new cultivars with improved plant growth To get better spike quality. To develop new color. To get desired size and form florets. Symmetrical arrangement of the florets on the spike. Bud counts and compactness. High rate of corm and cormel multiplication. Stem types such as slenderness and flexibility to high wind. Resistance to pest and disease. Breeding work in gladiolus has been initiated with following objectives:-

11. Introduction Selection Hybridisation Mutation Introduction: Hundreds of varieties of gladiolus have been introduced to India originated from USA, Russia, Canada, Netherlands, Egypt, England, Australia and Israel. All these introduced varieties were evaluated in different agro-climatic zones for commercial production. List of important exotic varieties is given in table. Methods of Breeding:

12. Gladiolus varieties introduced from different countries: S.no Country Variety introduced 1 Russia Autumn charm, Autumn rose, Daydream, etc. 2 USA American beauty, Chorus girl, Happy birthday, etc. 3 Israel Novalux, Rose prince, etc. 4 Netherlands Donald duck, melody, etc. 5 England Anglia, Cliffs of Dover 6 Australia The Barton 7 Canada Green bay, Regency

13. SELECTION : Evaluation of introduced material at various institutions has resulted into selection of promising cultivars for different regions. IARI, New Delhi : Apple Blossom, Bis Bis, Melody, Oscar, Sylvia, Patricia, Ratna's Butterfly, Snow Princess, George Mazure Regional Station, Flowerdale, Shimla (IARI, New Delhi): Camellia, Green Woodpecker, Lady Killer, Life Flame, Rose Spire, Stormy Weather, Thunderbird, Old Gold, Blue Lilac, Australian Fair, Sam Smith, Winter Gladioli. Regional Fruit Research Station, Mashobra (Shimla): Cardinal Spellman, Double Frills of Pink, La Paloma, Exotic Double Sister Elitz, Florence Nightingale, Kenny, Hawaii, King Lear, La Paloma, Spic and Span. IIH R, Bangalore: Beauty Spot, Cherry Blossom, Friendship, Melody, Picardy, Snow Princess, Watermelon Pink, Wild Rose, Tropic Sea.

14. Hybridization:- Gladiolus being hermaphrodite has both the male and female organs in the same flower, so the desired combinations are made by choosing either of the parents as male or female. With the opening of the flower, the anthers are matured which may be used for pollinating already emasculated females. Emasculation and pollinations, both are done in the morning. The stigma generally becomes receptive in the third day of the opening of flower or anther maturity. If the pollens from freshly opened flowers of the same plant are applied, the seeds are set, provided other conditions remain favorable. Emasculation is carried out at bud stage when these have started swelling for opening. After pollinations, the flowers are bagged with butter paper bags and tagged with labels mentioning the parents and the date of pollination

15. … Some varieties developed through hybridization in India are: IIHR, Bangalore: Kum Kum , Meera, Nazrana, Poonam, Sapna, Aarti, Apsara IARI, New Delhi: Agni Rekha, Mayur, Suchitra , Dhiraj NBRI, Lucknow: Manmohan, Manohar, Mukta, Manisha, Mohini, Jwala , Arun, Sanyukta, Priyadarshini, Trilokhi, Gazal .

16. Removal of petals and stamens Transferring stamens from pollen flower to seed flower Scrap off pollens from stamens carefully Transferring pollens to sticky receptive stigma Tagging Seed collection (as shown in the images) Method of hybridization:

17. Varieties developed through hybridization: variety parent Evolved at characteristics Suchitra Sylvia × Jo wagennar IARI, New Delhi 80-90 cm long spike ,pink flowers,15-16/spike Apsara Black jack × Friendship IIHR, Bangalore Strong spikes,98cm long, Red-Yellow ,18/spike Kum kum Watermelon pink × Lady john IIHR, Bangalore Spike 85 cm long, 15/spike, red with yellow blotch florets Gazal Seedling of white friendship (selfing) NBRI, Lucknow 35cm long spike ,florets pink with darker tips ,14-18/spike

18. Aneuploids are organisms that show monosomy (2n – 1), nullisomy (2n – 2), trisomy (2n + 1), tetrasomy (2n + 2), etc.  Aneuploid varieties namely Archana (2n=60) and Arun (2n=67) were evolved through hybridization between Sylvia (2n=75) as the female parent with Friendship and Fancy (2n=60) as male parents, respectively Archana : Scarlet pink flowers with yellow dots , spikes are 65-75cm long with 14-16 florets /spike . Aneuploid Breeding:-

19. Many gladiolus cultivars are available in commerce by spontaneous mutations and only a few through induced ones . Mutations are induced in the corms through physical mutagenesis (Gamma irradiation) and chemical mutagenesis (EMS) Two such sports (chance genetic mutation) have been reported in the Cvs . Salman's Sensation and Ratna's Butterfly . The induced changes mostly revert back in further generations because of diplontic selection (Competition between cells within meristem). Some of the varieties developed by mutations are:- Shubangini:- Mutant of ‘Fidelo’. White Friendship:- Bud sport from cv. Friendship. Shakti:- Wild rose induced mutation. Swa r nima :- Dhanvantari spontaneous mutant. IIHR, Bangalore:- Shobha , a mutant with shell pink floret colour of ‘Wild Rose’ Mutation Breeding :

20. There are many cultivars of gladiolus which are obtained through spontaneous mutation. Colour mutation is common in this crop and is generally lighter than original variety . SWARNIMA is a spontaneous mutant developed at IARI New Delhi, from the variety Dhanvantari , where the mutated floret colour is coppery yellow but Dhanventari possesses light yellow florets. Spontaneous mutation: