Behavioral therapy

Behavioral therapy

1. BEHAVIORAL THERAPY 1

2. BEHAVIORAL THERAPY Behavioral therapy is a treatment that helps change potentially self-destructing behaviors. It is also called behavioral modification . As its name suggests,  behavioral therapy is focused on human behaviour and looks to eradicate unwanted or maladaptive behaviour. 2

3. Certain fundamental aspects of behavior therapy have been identified in various ancients philosophical tradition. E.g. Lazarus. All the behavioral therapies were developed by behaviorists. 3

4. Freud emphasis was on sexism and unconscious, was most popular in Europe and Germany. But Americans criticized him. Americans developed school of thoughts as Europe and Germany. They openly described their ideas and they first started work on operant behavior, their focus is on behavior rather than mind. 4

5. CONCEPT Freud gave all concepts in Dutch, when they are translated, their meaning changed and people mind his idea that why his school of thought lacks behind. Behaviorism was develop by Watson and Pavlov, Pavlov worked on classical conditioning, but this concept was first gave by Aristotle. 5

6. Founders/developers of behavioral therapy Skinner is the first person responsible for the popularization of behavioral treatments. Applied behavioral analysis is “a direct extension of skinner's radical behaviorism” which is based on operant conditioning. Other notables in behavioral therapy camp are historical figures such as Pavlov, Watson and Marry cover jones . 6

7. Continue….. Contemporary figures include Albert Bandura, Krumboltz, Steven Hayes, and Marsha Linehan Also greatly added to this way of working with clients. 7

8. VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE Behaviorists as a group share the following ideas about human nature: A concentration on behavioral processes—that is processes closely related to overt behavior Focus on here and now as opposes to then and there An assumption that all behaviors are learned whether adaptive or maladaptive Belief that learning can be effective in changing maladaptive behavior 8

9. Continue… Focus on setting up well defined therapy goals with their clients. Rejection of the idea that human personality is composed of traits. behaviorists stresses on the importance of obtaining empirical evidence and scientific support for any technique they use. 9

10. ROLE OF THERAPIST A therapist can take several roles, depending on his or her behavioral orientations and the client's goal Therapist function as consultant, teacher, advisor, reinforcer and facilitator. Supervise or support the people in the client's environment who are assisting in change process Operates from a broad perspective. 10

11. GOALS Help the client to make adjustment to life circumstances and achieve personal and professional objectives. Modifying or eliminating the maladaptive behaviors and helping them to acquire healthy, constructive ways of acting. Unproductive should be replaced with productive ways of responding. Should be mutually agreed on goals. 11

12. THERAPIES The goal of their therapies was focused on behavior and re- shapping of behavior. Therapies should be scientific or person should be capable of solving problems. He should not dependent. Focused on subjects behavior rather than unconcious . 12

13. TYPES OF THERAPIES Systematic desensitization Modeling Exposure therapy Stimulus control therapy 13

14. Systematic Desensitization It is step by step procedure in which we reduce person’s phobias. We present that phobia in such a way that it loose its intensity. The main purpose is to stand in front of people and allow the m to speak whatever they want. It being from irrational to rational. 14

15. S teps of Systematic Desensitization Interview Muscle relaxation Hierarchy P rocedure 15

16. Interview Behaviorist don’t deeply problems. They just check there behavior that what type of phobia he has and how much intensity. Whatever the person is able of going through systematic desensitization because every person is not much imagination . 16

17. Muscle Relaxation We relax muscles. Ask the person to relax there whole body and lay down. First of all 16 muscles group are tensed like first we ask him to tense his hand, then wrist then elbow. After 16 we come to 8 muscles then 4 like tensed his whole arm. Then ask him to tense each and every part together and then relax your body. 17

18. Hierarchy See which aspects causes fear, its intensity. We take it from bottom to top depending upon the severity and condition of client. E.g : Like rat fear or Height fear 18

19. Procedure Sit the person in calm position and close his eyes. When his muscles get tensed or you are afraid then raiser your index finger. When you are sitting then you should note his facial expressions, imagination, note time. Don’t let him open his eyes resolve the problem of that stage either by dividing into short stages. 19

20. Procedure If a person takes longer time 2 to 3 days then develop threshold for him so that it will become easier for him to deal with other steps in continue this process until the problem is resolved and the client is satisfied. 20

21. Difference between Modeling and Imitation Definition of modeling Example Definition of Imitation Example Differentiate through pictures 21

22. Modeling Imitation and modelling are often referred interchangeably. They both are behavioral patterns. MODELLING : It is a type of learning that occurs as a function of observing, retaining and replicating novel behavior exhibited by others. It has complex nature (Bandura) EXAMPLE : The observer might learn that , this is not the right way to lift that object. He might not like to try a similar act as he has understood that it is not a right way. The observer has learnt something, and thus the person who lifted the object serves as a model for the person. 22

23. Symbolic modeling Role playing and role modeling Self modeling Covert modeling Take desire behavior through TV, Movie or Video clip. 23

24. 1. Role playing and role modeling A person who serves as a model, in a particular behavioral or social role for another person to emulate. Just copy me and do as I do, then perform it in your own way. 24

25. 2. Self modeling Self modeling is a subset of symbolic modeling, in which a person construct a model of the way their system operates and in so doing, provides feedback to the system from which it can learn. In which condition he should perform and ask him to extract, copy and perform your self. Self modeling is a way of self learning: the self Is learning about the self from the self and through that very process the self develop, which then required further self modeling. 25

26. 3. Covert modeling Imagination the person that what do you want? Close your eyes all the behavior. Then perform it. Firstly apply in clinical setting and than perform original setting . 26

27. EXPOSURE THERAPY Exposure therapy  is a technique in behavior  therapy  intended to treat anxiety disorders. It involves the  exposure  of the patient to the feared object or context without any danger, in order to overcome their anxiety . 27

28. Exposure therapy also called FLOOD therapy, that deals with the real and imaginative stimuli. Exposure therapy, as the name suggests, exposes you to the situations or objects you fear. The idea is that through repeated exposures, you’ll feel an increasing sense of control over the situation and your anxiety will diminish. 28

29. Forms Of Exposure Therapy In vitro Exposure Therapy In vivo Exposure Therapy 29

30. In vitro exposure therapy Person imagine the situation and then expose him to that situation. 30

31. In vivo exposure therapy   In Vivo Exposure Therapy  is a form of Cognitive Behavior Therapy  that is used to reduce the fear associated with these triggers.    The patient suffers from disquieting signals in their brain that tell them something bad will happen as a result of a certain action or situation. 31

32. Stimulus control therapy Stimulus control  is said to occur when an organism behaves in one way in the presence of a given stimulus and another way in its absence. For example, the presence of a stop sign increases the probability that "braking" behavior will occur.   Such behavior is brought about by reinforcing the behavior in the presence of one stimulus and omitting reinforcement in the presence of another stimulus.  32

33. Characteristics Of Stimulus Control Therapy The behavior occurs immediately when the conditioned stimulus is given. The behavior never occurs in the absence of the stimulus. The behavior never occurs in response to some other stimulus. No other behavior occurs in response to this stimulus. 33

34. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Classical conditioning was one of the earlier principles of behavior change identified by researchers. It was one of the first methods used for behavior change. 34

35. The essence of classical conditioning is the pairing of an unconditioned reflex with a new stimulus, producing a conditioned reflex. Also called two stimuli association. For example, consider it use in the treatment of alcoholism. Ant-abuse(unconditioned stimulus) is a drug that produces extreme nausea, gagging, and vomiting (unconditioned response) when taken in conjunction with alcohol. 35

36. Overtime, the alcohol will become associated with nausea, gagging and vomiting (unconditioned response) without the ant-abuse being present. 36

37. Unconditioned stimulus( Ant abuse) ↓ Unconditioned response( nausea, gagging, vomiting) 37

38. Unconditioned stimulus( Ant-abuse) + Conditioned stimulus( Alcohol) ↓ Unconditioned Response( Nausea, gagging and vomiting) 38

39. Conditioned stimulus( alcohol) ↓ Conditioned response( nausea, gagging and vomiting) 39

40. OPERANT CONDITIONING In operant conditioning responses come to be controlled by their consequences. 40

41. TCHNIQUES USED BY THERAPIST IN THERAPIES General behavioral techniques Use of reinforcers Schedules of reinforcement Shaping Generalization Maintenance Extinction punishment 41

42. USE OF REINFORCERS A Reinforcer are those events , when they follow a behavior increase the probability of behavior repeating. It can be either positive or negative 42

43. How to use? Do you want to decrease the undesirable behavior? Is the behavior already occurring at least occasionally. Do you have an access to a reinforcer that you can deliver? Define the desirable target behavior. Define the undesirable target behavior. Identify reinforcer. 43

44. Observe the individual, identify the reinforcer. Observe the individual and identify high rates of behavior. Ask the individual parents or teachers. Reinforcer use questionnaire and measure. 44

45. SCHEDUALS OF REINFORCEMENT Continuous reinforcement Intermittent reinforcement Fixed or interval 45

46. SHAPPING Behavior learned gradually in steps through successive approximation is known as shapping . When clients are learning new skills, therapist may help the client to break behavior into manageable units 46

47. Continue.. Target behavior is shaped. If a person is nor getting target behavior then we shaped mold his all behavior to achieve that target behavior, That is naturally occurring. 47

48. Generalization Tendency for the condition to produce or stimulate similar response. Display outside the environment where it was originally developed. It indicate transfer to another setting 48

49. MAINTENANCE Consistent in performing the action being desired without depending on anyone else for support Emphasis is placed on increasing client's self control and self management This is done through self monitoring which include self–observation and self-recordings 49

50. EXTINCTION AND PUNISHMENT Extinction is the elimination of behavior because of a withdrawal of its reinforcement. Few individuals will continue doing something that is not rewarding Punishment involves presenting an aversive stimulus to situation to suppress or eliminate behavior. 50

51. SPECIFIC BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQES Behavioral rehearsal Environmental planning Systematic desensitization Assertive training Contingency contracts Implosion and flooding Time out Overcorrection Covert sensitization 51

52. BEHAVIORAL REVERSAL Consists of practicing a desired until it is performed the way the client wishes 52

53. ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING Environmental planning involves a client,s setting up part of the environment to promote or limit certain behaviors 53

54. SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION Designed to help clients overcome anxiety in particular situation 54

55. ASSERTIVE TRAININGS Person should be free to express thoughts and feelings without undue anxiety. Technique consists of counter conditioning anxiety and reinforcing assertiveness. Through this client learn the difference among aggressive, passive and assertive actions. 55

56. CONTIGENCY CONTRACTS These contracts spell out the behavior to be performed, changed, or discontinued; the rewards associated with the achievement of these goals; and the condition under which reward are to be received 56

57. IMPLOSION AND FLOODING Implosive is a technique that involves desensitizing a clients to a situation by having him or her imagine an anxiety producing situation that may have dire consequences. Client is not taught to relax first Flooding is less traumatic , as imagined anxiety producing scene but not have dire consequences. 57

58. TIME OUT Mild aversive stimulus in which client is separated from the opportunity to receive positive reward. Employed for short period of time, such as 5 minutes. 58

59. OVERCORRECTION AND COVERT SENSITIZATION In overcorrection a client first restore the environment to its natural state and than make it better than normal In covert desensitization undesired behavior is eliminated by associating it with unpleasantness. 59

60. STRENGHS Directly deal with symptoms Focus on here and now Save time and money Supported by good research 60

61. LIMITATIONS Not deal with total person just on explicit behaviors Sometimes applied mechanically Best under controlled conditions Ignores the past history and unconsciousness Not consider developmental changes 61