BENNER'S AND MASLOW'S THEORY - NURSING THEORIES
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Oct 17, 2024
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About This Presentation
A brief explanation of Benner and Maslow's theory in nursing
Slide Content
BENNER’S AND
MASLOW’S
THEORY
MASLOW’S
THEORY
Dr.
Patricia
Benner’s
Theory
From
Novice to
Expert
Patricia
Benner’s
Theory
From
Novice to
Expert
Dr Patricia Benner introduced the concept that expert nurses
develop skills and understanding of patient care over time
through a sound educational base as well as a multitude of
experiences.
She proposed that one could gain knowledge and skills
("knowing how") without ever learning the theory ("knowing
that").
She further explains that the development of knowledge in
applied disciplines such as medicine and nursing is composed
lension of practical knowled how how) through research and the
characterization and understanding of the "know how" of clinical
experience.
Introduction
develop skills and understanding of patient care over time
through a sound educational base as well as a multitude of
experiences.
She proposed that one could gain knowledge and skills
("knowing how") without ever learning the theory ("knowing
that").
She further explains that the development of knowledge in
applied disciplines such as medicine and nursing is composed
lension of practical knowled how how) through research and the
characterization and understanding of the "know how" of clinical
experience.
Introduction
Dr. Patricia Benner
Patricia Benner, Born on August 31 1942, a
professor of nursing at the University of
California, and Judith Wrubel, medical researcher
at the University of California-San Francisco, are
two major writers in nursing theory who
specialize in what can be termed a
“developmental” or “interpretive” approach to the
person as patient. In general, the basic concept
of nursing here is based around an ethic of care
that deals with the patient as a whole. Therefore,
the main thrust of nursing is a type of care that
deals with patient mental issues, stress and
emotions as well as clinical practice.
Patricia Benner, Born on August 31 1942, a
professor of nursing at the University of
California, and Judith Wrubel, medical researcher
at the University of California-San Francisco, are
two major writers in nursing theory who
specialize in what can be termed a
“developmental” or “interpretive” approach to the
person as patient. In general, the basic concept
of nursing here is based around an ethic of care
that deals with the patient as a whole. Therefore,
the main thrust of nursing is a type of care that
deals with patient mental issues, stress and
emotions as well as clinical practice.
Dr. Benner received her bachelor's degree in nursing from
Pasadena College (1964); her master's degree in medical surgical
nursing from the University of California, San Francisco (1970),
and the Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley, in
Stress and Coping and Health(1982) under the direction of
Hubert Dreyfus and Richard Lazarus.
Has taught and done research at UCSF since 1979
Published 'Novice to Expert Theory' in 1982
Dr. Benner, RN, PhD, FAAN, FRCN
Pasadena College (1964); her master's degree in medical surgical
nursing from the University of California, San Francisco (1970),
and the Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley, in
Stress and Coping and Health(1982) under the direction of
Hubert Dreyfus and Richard Lazarus.
Has taught and done research at UCSF since 1979
Published 'Novice to Expert Theory' in 1982
Dr. Benner, RN, PhD, FAAN, FRCN
Dr. Benner, RN, PhD, FAAN, FRCN
Published 9 books including From Novice to Expert, named an
American Journal of Nursing Book of the Year for nursing
education and nursing research in 1984, anc The Primacy of
Caring, co-authored with Judith Wrubel. named Book of the Year
in 1990, also in two categories.
Was awarded the 15th Helen Nahm Research Lecture Award from
the University of California at San Francisco School of Nursing in
1995.
Patricia Benner is currently a Professor Emerita in the
Department of Physiological Nursing in the School of Nursing at
the University of California, San Francisco.
Published 9 books including From Novice to Expert, named an
American Journal of Nursing Book of the Year for nursing
education and nursing research in 1984, anc The Primacy of
Caring, co-authored with Judith Wrubel. named Book of the Year
in 1990, also in two categories.
Was awarded the 15th Helen Nahm Research Lecture Award from
the University of California at San Francisco School of Nursing in
1995.
Patricia Benner is currently a Professor Emerita in the
Department of Physiological Nursing in the School of Nursing at
the University of California, San Francisco.
LEVELS OF
NURSING
EXPERIENCE
Novice
Advanced beginner
Competent
Profecient
Expert
NURSING
EXPERIENCE
Novice
Advanced beginner
Competent
Profecient
Expert
Novice
Beginner with no experience
Taught general rules to help
perform tasks
Rules are: context-free,
independent of specific cases, and
applied universally
Rule-governed behavior is
limited and inflexible
Defined by a lack of
experience and knowledge,
leading to difficulties in
performing basic tasks and
the need for close
supervision.
Novice nurses are still
acquiring fundamental
skills and often struggle to
recognize patterns or
anticipate outcomes.
Inexperience makes it
challenging to determine
which tasks are most
important to prioritize.
Beginner with no experience
Taught general rules to help
perform tasks
Rules are: context-free,
independent of specific cases, and
applied universally
Rule-governed behavior is
limited and inflexible
Defined by a lack of
experience and knowledge,
leading to difficulties in
performing basic tasks and
the need for close
supervision.
Novice nurses are still
acquiring fundamental
skills and often struggle to
recognize patterns or
anticipate outcomes.
Inexperience makes it
challenging to determine
which tasks are most
important to prioritize.
Advanved
Beginner
Demonstrates
acceptable performance
Has gained prior
experience in actual
situations to recognize
recurring meaningful
components
Principles, based on
experiences, begin to be
formulated to guide
actions
Characterized by increased
confidence and competence among
nurses.
Nurses possess a stronger grasp of
fundamental nursing practices,
enabling them to recognize patterns
and anticipate outcomes effectively.
They are still constrained by their
limited experience and may need
guidance to make decisions.
Beginner
Demonstrates
acceptable performance
Has gained prior
experience in actual
situations to recognize
recurring meaningful
components
Principles, based on
experiences, begin to be
formulated to guide
actions
Characterized by increased
confidence and competence among
nurses.
Nurses possess a stronger grasp of
fundamental nursing practices,
enabling them to recognize patterns
and anticipate outcomes effectively.
They are still constrained by their
limited experience and may need
guidance to make decisions.
Competent
Typically a nurse with 2-3 years
experience on the job in the same
area or in similar day-to-day
situations
More aware of long-term goals
Gains perspective from planning
own actions based on conscious,
abstract, and analytical thinking
and helps to achieve greater
efficiency and organization
Greater independence
and confidence among
nurses.
Nurses have a solid
understanding of
nursing practice,
enabling them to make
decisions and take
actions independently.
Limited experience may
restrict their ability to
fully anticipate all
possible outcomes.
Typically a nurse with 2-3 years
experience on the job in the same
area or in similar day-to-day
situations
More aware of long-term goals
Gains perspective from planning
own actions based on conscious,
abstract, and analytical thinking
and helps to achieve greater
efficiency and organization
Greater independence
and confidence among
nurses.
Nurses have a solid
understanding of
nursing practice,
enabling them to make
decisions and take
actions independently.
Limited experience may
restrict their ability to
fully anticipate all
possible outcomes.
Proficient
Perceives and
understands situations
as whole parts
More holistic
understanding improves
decision-making
Learns from experiences
what to expect in certain
situations and how to
modify plans
Proficient stage in nursing is defined
by mastery and confidence.
Nurses exhibiting a profound
understanding of their practice.
They can easily anticipate outcomes
and make informed decisions
independently, without the need for
close supervision.
Proficient nurses utilize pieces of
evidence, such as maxims, to guide
their actions and perceive situations
in their entirety.
Perceives and
understands situations
as whole parts
More holistic
understanding improves
decision-making
Learns from experiences
what to expect in certain
situations and how to
modify plans
Proficient stage in nursing is defined
by mastery and confidence.
Nurses exhibiting a profound
understanding of their practice.
They can easily anticipate outcomes
and make informed decisions
independently, without the need for
close supervision.
Proficient nurses utilize pieces of
evidence, such as maxims, to guide
their actions and perceive situations
in their entirety.
Expert
No longer relies on principles,
rules, or guidelines to connect
situations and determine actions
Much more background of
experience
Performance is now fluid, flexible,
and highly-proficient
Defined by a profound
understanding of the
complexities of nursing
practice.
Possess extensive
experience and
knowledge, allowing them
to recognize intricate
patterns and anticipate
various outcomes with ease.
Demonstrate high skill
levels and are capable of
offering expert guidance
and mentorship to less
experienced colleagues.
Has intuitive grasp of clinical
situations
No longer relies on principles,
rules, or guidelines to connect
situations and determine actions
Much more background of
experience
Performance is now fluid, flexible,
and highly-proficient
Defined by a profound
understanding of the
complexities of nursing
practice.
Possess extensive
experience and
knowledge, allowing them
to recognize intricate
patterns and anticipate
various outcomes with ease.
Demonstrate high skill
levels and are capable of
offering expert guidance
and mentorship to less
experienced colleagues.
Has intuitive grasp of clinical
situations
Different levels of skills reflect changes in 3
aspects of skilled performance:
Movement from relying on abstract principles to using
past concrete experiences to guide actions
1.
Change in learner’s perception of situations as whole
parts rather than in separate pieces
2.
Passage from a detached observer to an involved
performer, no longer outside the situation but now
actively engaged in participation
3.
aspects of skilled performance:
Movement from relying on abstract principles to using
past concrete experiences to guide actions
1.
Change in learner’s perception of situations as whole
parts rather than in separate pieces
2.
Passage from a detached observer to an involved
performer, no longer outside the situation but now
actively engaged in participation
3.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE THEORY IN NURSING:
Help nursing students to understand their development and
growth and to chart a course for their future careers.
Inform nursing education and curriculum by providing a roadmap
for developing nursing skills and knowledge. Including:
opportunities for simulation, mentorship, and ongoing education.
Ensures patient safety and quality of care, it highlights the
importance of experience and reflection in developing nursing
skills and knowledge.
Ensure that nursing students and novice nurses receive the proper
education and training to prepare them for clinical practice.
Help nursing students to understand their development and
growth and to chart a course for their future careers.
Inform nursing education and curriculum by providing a roadmap
for developing nursing skills and knowledge. Including:
opportunities for simulation, mentorship, and ongoing education.
Ensures patient safety and quality of care, it highlights the
importance of experience and reflection in developing nursing
skills and knowledge.
Ensure that nursing students and novice nurses receive the proper
education and training to prepare them for clinical practice.
Abraham
Maslow’s
Theory
Hierarchy
of needs
Maslow’s
Theory
Hierarchy
of needs
It was in 1943 a Psychologist Mr. Abraham Harold Maslow suggested his
Theory of Human Motivation. His theory is one popular and extensively
cited theory of motivation. Maslow's theory is based on the Hierarchy of
Human Needs. According to Maslow, human behavior is related to his
needs. It is adjusted as per the nature of needs to be satisfied. In hierarchy
of needs theory, Maslow identified five types / sets of human need arranged
in a hierarchy of their importance and priority. He concluded that when one
set of needs is satisfied, it ceases to be a motivating factor. Thereafter, the
next set of needs in the hierarchy order takes its place. These needs in
hierarchy can be compared to a pyramid. At the lowest level, there will be
first set of needs which can be described as basic needs and are universal
in character. This will be followed by other sets of needs.
Description
Theory of Human Motivation. His theory is one popular and extensively
cited theory of motivation. Maslow's theory is based on the Hierarchy of
Human Needs. According to Maslow, human behavior is related to his
needs. It is adjusted as per the nature of needs to be satisfied. In hierarchy
of needs theory, Maslow identified five types / sets of human need arranged
in a hierarchy of their importance and priority. He concluded that when one
set of needs is satisfied, it ceases to be a motivating factor. Thereafter, the
next set of needs in the hierarchy order takes its place. These needs in
hierarchy can be compared to a pyramid. At the lowest level, there will be
first set of needs which can be described as basic needs and are universal
in character. This will be followed by other sets of needs.
Description
Famed psychologist Abraham Maslow was born on
April 1, 1908, Brooklyn, New York. A practitioner of
humanistic psychology, he is known for his theory of
"self-actualization." In the books Motivation and
Personality and Toward a Psychology of Being, Maslow
argued that each person has a hierarchy of needs that
must be satisfied. He died in Menlo Park, California, on
June 8, 1970.
Abraham Maslow’s
April 1, 1908, Brooklyn, New York. A practitioner of
humanistic psychology, he is known for his theory of
"self-actualization." In the books Motivation and
Personality and Toward a Psychology of Being, Maslow
argued that each person has a hierarchy of needs that
must be satisfied. He died in Menlo Park, California, on
June 8, 1970.
Abraham Maslow’s
Abraham Maslow was born on April 1, 1908, New
York
Maslow earned all three of his degrees in
psychology
American psychologist who developed a hierarchy
of needs to explain human motivation
Maslow was a psychology professor at Brandeis
University, Brooklyn College, New School for
Social Research, and Columbia University.
He stressed the importance of focusing on the
positive qualities in people, as opposed to
treating them as a "bag of symptoms"
He died in 1970
York
Maslow earned all three of his degrees in
psychology
American psychologist who developed a hierarchy
of needs to explain human motivation
Maslow was a psychology professor at Brandeis
University, Brooklyn College, New School for
Social Research, and Columbia University.
He stressed the importance of focusing on the
positive qualities in people, as opposed to
treating them as a "bag of symptoms"
He died in 1970
Contribution to Psychology
Humanistic psychology
Peak and plateau experiences
B-values
Hierarchy of Needs
Self-actualization
Metamotivation
Methodology
Transpersonal psychology
Positive psychology
Psychology of science
Maslow's hammer
CITATION INFORMATION
Humanistic psychology
Peak and plateau experiences
B-values
Hierarchy of Needs
Self-actualization
Metamotivation
Methodology
Transpersonal psychology
Positive psychology
Psychology of science
Maslow's hammer
CITATION INFORMATION
Maslow’s
Hierarchy of
needs
Physiological Needs
Safety and Security
Love and belonging
Self-esteem(Cognitive
& Aesthetic needs)
Self-actualization
(Transcendence needs)
Hierarchy of
needs
Physiological Needs
Safety and Security
Love and belonging
Self-esteem(Cognitive
& Aesthetic needs)
Self-actualization
(Transcendence needs)
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Basic physiological needs such as food, shelter, and sleep.
Safety needs such as security, stability, and order.
Social needs such as love, belonging, and friendship.
Esteem needs include acceptance by others, a sense of
achievement, and independence.
Cognitive needs such as intellectual fulfillment and knowledge.
Aesthetic needs include harmony, balance, and beauty.
Self-actualization is the goal of human development and occurs
when a person meets his or her full potential. Self-actualized
people are joyful, empathetic, giving, and fulfilled.
Basic physiological needs such as food, shelter, and sleep.
Safety needs such as security, stability, and order.
Social needs such as love, belonging, and friendship.
Esteem needs include acceptance by others, a sense of
achievement, and independence.
Cognitive needs such as intellectual fulfillment and knowledge.
Aesthetic needs include harmony, balance, and beauty.
Self-actualization is the goal of human development and occurs
when a person meets his or her full potential. Self-actualized
people are joyful, empathetic, giving, and fulfilled.
Physiological
Needs
Food
Water
Oxygen
Warmth
Essential biological
requirements for human
survival.
Foundation of human
motivation, driving behavior
until they are adequately
met.
Maslow emphasized they are
the most important.
Without satisfaction of these
basic needs, the human body
cannot function optimally.
Clothing
Sleep
Sex
Shelter
Needs
Food
Water
Oxygen
Warmth
Essential biological
requirements for human
survival.
Foundation of human
motivation, driving behavior
until they are adequately
met.
Maslow emphasized they are
the most important.
Without satisfaction of these
basic needs, the human body
cannot function optimally.
Clothing
Sleep
Sex
Shelter
Safety Needs
Social ability
Family
Physical and emotional
health
Can be fulfilled by the family and
society.
Involves social connections, centered
around feelings of belongingness.
When safety and security are
unmet, they can dominate an
individual's thoughts, leading to
preoccupations with fear and
anxiety.
A person without a safe place to be
in the world or a sense of stability
may be ruled by fear and anxiety.
Employement
Property
Social ability
Family
Physical and emotional
health
Can be fulfilled by the family and
society.
Involves social connections, centered
around feelings of belongingness.
When safety and security are
unmet, they can dominate an
individual's thoughts, leading to
preoccupations with fear and
anxiety.
A person without a safe place to be
in the world or a sense of stability
may be ruled by fear and anxiety.
Employement
Property
Love and
belongingness
Friendship
Family
Intimacy
Sense of connection
Love and the ability to
give love are
fundamental human
needs.
Feelings of depression,
anxiety, and loneliness
arise from unfulfilled
needs within this tier of
the hierarchy.
Humans are inherently
social beings who
require interactions.
Belonging to a “group”
Trust
Love
belongingness
Friendship
Family
Intimacy
Sense of connection
Love and the ability to
give love are
fundamental human
needs.
Feelings of depression,
anxiety, and loneliness
arise from unfulfilled
needs within this tier of
the hierarchy.
Humans are inherently
social beings who
require interactions.
Belonging to a “group”
Trust
Love
Self-esteem
Confidence
Achievements
Respect of others
How individuals perceive themselves
and how they are perceived by others.
Maslow categorized into two main
types: esteem for oneself and the
desire for external recognition.
The fundamental human aspiration is to
be accepted and valued by others.
Maslow emphasized that the need for
respect and reputation is particularly
crucial for children and adolescents, as
it often takes precedence over the
development of true self-esteem and
dignity.
The need to be a unique
individual
Reputation
Confidence
Achievements
Respect of others
How individuals perceive themselves
and how they are perceived by others.
Maslow categorized into two main
types: esteem for oneself and the
desire for external recognition.
The fundamental human aspiration is to
be accepted and valued by others.
Maslow emphasized that the need for
respect and reputation is particularly
crucial for children and adolescents, as
it often takes precedence over the
development of true self-esteem and
dignity.
The need to be a unique
individual
Reputation
Self-esteem
(Cognitive
needs)
Involve the desire for knowledge,
understanding, curiosity, exploration,
and the pursuit of meaning and
predictability in life.
Fulfilling: promotes personal growth
and enhances one's understanding of
the complexities of life.
(Cognitive
needs)
Involve the desire for knowledge,
understanding, curiosity, exploration,
and the pursuit of meaning and
predictability in life.
Fulfilling: promotes personal growth
and enhances one's understanding of
the complexities of life.
Self-esteem
(Aesthetic
Needs)
Involve the appreciation and pursuit
of beauty, balance, and form.
Fulfilled: individuals experience
greater satisfaction and harmony in
life, as they seek environments and
experiences that resonate with their
sense of beauty.
Fulfilling aesthetic needs goes
beyond just physical beauty; it also
encompasses emotional and
psychological satisfaction gained
from experiencing order and
elegance in life.
(Aesthetic
Needs)
Involve the appreciation and pursuit
of beauty, balance, and form.
Fulfilled: individuals experience
greater satisfaction and harmony in
life, as they seek environments and
experiences that resonate with their
sense of beauty.
Fulfilling aesthetic needs goes
beyond just physical beauty; it also
encompasses emotional and
psychological satisfaction gained
from experiencing order and
elegance in life.
Self-
Actualization
Morality
Creativity
Spontaneity
Acceptance
Characterized by life
satisfaction and a
strong sense of well-
being, representing
ultimate functioning of
an individual.
Maslow defined this as
the desire "to become
everything one is
capable of becoming."
Experience purpose
Meaning and inner potential
Actualization
Morality
Creativity
Spontaneity
Acceptance
Characterized by life
satisfaction and a
strong sense of well-
being, representing
ultimate functioning of
an individual.
Maslow defined this as
the desire "to become
everything one is
capable of becoming."
Experience purpose
Meaning and inner potential
Self-
Actualization
(Transcendence
Needs)
Transcendence needs motivate
individuals to look beyond their
personal self and connect with a
higher reality, purpose, or the
universe.
This level emphasizes values such as
altruism, spiritual connection, and
the desire to help others realize
their potential.
People seek experiences that
transcend their personal concerns,
aiming for a deep sense of unity,
understanding, and belonging within
the larger context of existence.
Actualization
(Transcendence
Needs)
Transcendence needs motivate
individuals to look beyond their
personal self and connect with a
higher reality, purpose, or the
universe.
This level emphasizes values such as
altruism, spiritual connection, and
the desire to help others realize
their potential.
People seek experiences that
transcend their personal concerns,
aiming for a deep sense of unity,
understanding, and belonging within
the larger context of existence.
Maslow proposed
2 sets of needs
Includes first 4 levels
Characterized as "deficiency"
Serve as a means to achieve
necessary ends.
The longer an individual is
deprived, the stronger their
motivation will grow.
Meeting a need is not an "all-or-
none" process.
Once a deficiency need is "more or
less" satisfied, it diminishes.
Deficiency Needs (D-needs)
2 sets of needs
Includes first 4 levels
Characterized as "deficiency"
Serve as a means to achieve
necessary ends.
The longer an individual is
deprived, the stronger their
motivation will grow.
Meeting a need is not an "all-or-
none" process.
Once a deficiency need is "more or
less" satisfied, it diminishes.
Deficiency Needs (D-needs)
Maslow proposed
2 sets of needs
Individual’s full potential achieve self-
actualization.
These needs arise from a desire for
personal development.
Once growth needs are sufficiently
addressed, self-actualization is achieved.
Everyone has the inherent capability and
desire to progress, but their
advancement can be hindered by unmet
lower-level needs.
Not everyone traverses the hierarchy in a
strictly linear fashion
Growth/ Being Needs (B-needs)
2 sets of needs
Individual’s full potential achieve self-
actualization.
These needs arise from a desire for
personal development.
Once growth needs are sufficiently
addressed, self-actualization is achieved.
Everyone has the inherent capability and
desire to progress, but their
advancement can be hindered by unmet
lower-level needs.
Not everyone traverses the hierarchy in a
strictly linear fashion
Growth/ Being Needs (B-needs)
Characteristics of Self-Actualizers
1. They perceive reality efficiently and can tolerate uncertainty;
2. Accept themselves and others for what they are;
3. Spontaneous in thought and action;
4. Problem-centered (not self-centered);
5. Unusual sense of humor;
6. Able to look at life objectively;
7. Highly creative;
8. Resistant to enculturation, but not purposely unconventional;
9. Concerned for the welfare of humanity;
10. Capable of deep appreciation of basic life-experience;
11. Establish deep satisfying interpersonal relationships with a few people;
12. Peak experiences;
13. Need for privacy;
14. Democratic attitudes;
15. Strong moral/ethical standards
1. They perceive reality efficiently and can tolerate uncertainty;
2. Accept themselves and others for what they are;
3. Spontaneous in thought and action;
4. Problem-centered (not self-centered);
5. Unusual sense of humor;
6. Able to look at life objectively;
7. Highly creative;
8. Resistant to enculturation, but not purposely unconventional;
9. Concerned for the welfare of humanity;
10. Capable of deep appreciation of basic life-experience;
11. Establish deep satisfying interpersonal relationships with a few people;
12. Peak experiences;
13. Need for privacy;
14. Democratic attitudes;
15. Strong moral/ethical standards
Behavior leading to self-actualization
1. Experiencing life like a child, with full absorption and
concentration;
2. Trying new things instead of sticking to safe paths;
3. Listening to your own feelings in evaluating experiences
instead of the voice of tradition, authority or the majority;
4. Avoiding pretense (“game playing”) and being honest;
5. Being prepared to be unpopular if your views do not coincide
with those of the majority;
6. Taking responsibility and working hard;
7. Trying to identify your defenses and having the courage to
give them up.
1. Experiencing life like a child, with full absorption and
concentration;
2. Trying new things instead of sticking to safe paths;
3. Listening to your own feelings in evaluating experiences
instead of the voice of tradition, authority or the majority;
4. Avoiding pretense (“game playing”) and being honest;
5. Being prepared to be unpopular if your views do not coincide
with those of the majority;
6. Taking responsibility and working hard;
7. Trying to identify your defenses and having the courage to
give them up.
Applications in Nursing
1. Physiological needs (ABC + D) – Ensure patients have adequate nutrition,
hydration, pain control, sleep, and physical comfort. Address pain that
hinders sleep and recovery.
A – Airway: Ensure the patient has an open airway.
B – Breathing: Assess and support adequate breathing and gas exchange.
C – Circulation: Evaluate and maintain proper blood circulation.
D – Decreased level of consciousness: Monitor for any changes in behavior or
mental status.
2. Safety needs – Maintain a clean, quiet environment with call bells for
assistance. Prevent injuries through fall precautions, blood clot prevention,
and pressure ulcer avoidance. Explain tests, treatments, and medications to
patients to relieve anxiety. Keep patient info confidential. Foster a climate of
trust through compassionate listening. Prevent medication errors.
1. Physiological needs (ABC + D) – Ensure patients have adequate nutrition,
hydration, pain control, sleep, and physical comfort. Address pain that
hinders sleep and recovery.
A – Airway: Ensure the patient has an open airway.
B – Breathing: Assess and support adequate breathing and gas exchange.
C – Circulation: Evaluate and maintain proper blood circulation.
D – Decreased level of consciousness: Monitor for any changes in behavior or
mental status.
2. Safety needs – Maintain a clean, quiet environment with call bells for
assistance. Prevent injuries through fall precautions, blood clot prevention,
and pressure ulcer avoidance. Explain tests, treatments, and medications to
patients to relieve anxiety. Keep patient info confidential. Foster a climate of
trust through compassionate listening. Prevent medication errors.
Applications in Nursing
3. Belongingness – Loneliness impedes healing. Make patients feel welcomed
and included. Introduce them to other patients. Allow for family visitation
and spiritual practices.
4. Esteem – Show respect through courteous communication and cultural
sensitivity. Maintain dignity and privacy. Empower patients in care decisions.
Explain care in an easy-to-understand way. Listen attentively to their
concerns. Make them feel valued.
5. Self-actualization— Align care with patient values and aspirations. Perhaps
share motivational stories of those with similar diagnoses who stayed active
or provide resources on coping with grief over health changes.
3. Belongingness – Loneliness impedes healing. Make patients feel welcomed
and included. Introduce them to other patients. Allow for family visitation
and spiritual practices.
4. Esteem – Show respect through courteous communication and cultural
sensitivity. Maintain dignity and privacy. Empower patients in care decisions.
Explain care in an easy-to-understand way. Listen attentively to their
concerns. Make them feel valued.
5. Self-actualization— Align care with patient values and aspirations. Perhaps
share motivational stories of those with similar diagnoses who stayed active
or provide resources on coping with grief over health changes.
Criticism
The theory was not based on a diverse group
The hierarchy may not need to be followed in order
The pyramid assumes that needs are universal
Self-actualization xan be achieved even if lower needs are
not met
The theory was not based on a diverse group
The hierarchy may not need to be followed in order
The pyramid assumes that needs are universal
Self-actualization xan be achieved even if lower needs are
not met
Thank you for
listening!
listening!
References/Bibliography:
Benner Citations:
https://nursology.net/nurse-theories/from-novice-to-expert/?
fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR1zUzh75IYeJxWRSnkQPAz1uXsaox5KcYwl40S_1btHf9U8A4_KlNPqYkA_aem_pQLl5jPEWWgsOIw1gL3mSw
https://nursingstudy.org/from-novice-to-expert-a-comprehensive-guide-to-understanding-patricia-e-benners-theory-in-nursing-education/?
fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR3B4HHQUD3zcOajyKgPUld-m6m3af6IkxYQj5vRMibDuLOV8Us5YUs20y8_aem_pV812cZhpjxBpp4TPswI6A
https://www.currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Patricia_Benner_From_Novice_to_Expert.html?
fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR0GDSQB0r8Btk8DelEPhWbY6O4QM3h8FIUfEzlCT7aHHltEe7By967jp_o_aem_N9bmDSFGIb8J8hDuAW-tiA
https://novicetoexpert.org/about/dr-patricia-benner/?
fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR3ATk7tZei0h78lFv3hKwR0GJrSAWkS3FaNdo8kcul8bJb4OBm7iGDd304_aem_qxL6zdGXsno2rmwY2ljmFg
https://www.currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Patricia_Benner_From_Novice_to_Expert.html?
fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR1FzJjxd76sTluyNhk1BDXN8ot51vmCVYEunVTNfvAbAbfz7hsijLyXKqg_aem_ZWIQnbu4gEaceu-iNJr_WQ
https://nursekey.com/benners-philosophy-in-nursing-practice/?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR1BHRZg5542v_-
hB1K7vs9KRSKYSBZVQBs_mIFAcPMXT_ZfJd_ytXTipks_aem_Hb0F7mZD3AVI3lsJ0qQj-Q
Maslow’s Citations:
https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR17GfYnh_T21zldFGa3dm6v-SRggnn9-
eaTG9Qcl2UZ9juTuToW8wRV6Sg_aem_9kIX2dzGc_HpQbdWZMZweg
https://www.verywellhealth.com/hierarchy-of-needs-maslow-s-five-categories-of-needs-5220468
https://www.goodtherapy.org/famous-psychologists/abraham-maslow.html?
fbclid=iwzxh0bgnhzw0cmteaar2zhczsbqjymwg4yluuzzastjkxloyxu13els0qsxbjoybxqdadfohbt5y_aem_j_szesh4bslxhq0zofnvlq
https://pressbooks.online.ucf.edu/lumenpsychology/chapter/maslows-hierarchy-of-needs/?
fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR3iwnorn5uIm0j_DdYP7ZU80jB5WCDdSfcKYUxbDclM4LBTtmw3OwCj1Js_aem_A518-joXpucW11aFGQvtFg
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383241976_Maslow%27s_Hierarchy_of_Needs?
fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR2rxnTSvW1Q9AXH0hJi4zIuKGyt7mAzCmveYXPQcbe6ZkVRy0EttLLvuso_aem_86fP34Qo6lGZYsSqvWIhtQ
Benner Citations:
https://nursology.net/nurse-theories/from-novice-to-expert/?
fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR1zUzh75IYeJxWRSnkQPAz1uXsaox5KcYwl40S_1btHf9U8A4_KlNPqYkA_aem_pQLl5jPEWWgsOIw1gL3mSw
https://nursingstudy.org/from-novice-to-expert-a-comprehensive-guide-to-understanding-patricia-e-benners-theory-in-nursing-education/?
fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR3B4HHQUD3zcOajyKgPUld-m6m3af6IkxYQj5vRMibDuLOV8Us5YUs20y8_aem_pV812cZhpjxBpp4TPswI6A
https://www.currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Patricia_Benner_From_Novice_to_Expert.html?
fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR0GDSQB0r8Btk8DelEPhWbY6O4QM3h8FIUfEzlCT7aHHltEe7By967jp_o_aem_N9bmDSFGIb8J8hDuAW-tiA
https://novicetoexpert.org/about/dr-patricia-benner/?
fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR3ATk7tZei0h78lFv3hKwR0GJrSAWkS3FaNdo8kcul8bJb4OBm7iGDd304_aem_qxL6zdGXsno2rmwY2ljmFg
https://www.currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Patricia_Benner_From_Novice_to_Expert.html?
fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR1FzJjxd76sTluyNhk1BDXN8ot51vmCVYEunVTNfvAbAbfz7hsijLyXKqg_aem_ZWIQnbu4gEaceu-iNJr_WQ
https://nursekey.com/benners-philosophy-in-nursing-practice/?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR1BHRZg5542v_-
hB1K7vs9KRSKYSBZVQBs_mIFAcPMXT_ZfJd_ytXTipks_aem_Hb0F7mZD3AVI3lsJ0qQj-Q
Maslow’s Citations:
https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR17GfYnh_T21zldFGa3dm6v-SRggnn9-
eaTG9Qcl2UZ9juTuToW8wRV6Sg_aem_9kIX2dzGc_HpQbdWZMZweg
https://www.verywellhealth.com/hierarchy-of-needs-maslow-s-five-categories-of-needs-5220468
https://www.goodtherapy.org/famous-psychologists/abraham-maslow.html?
fbclid=iwzxh0bgnhzw0cmteaar2zhczsbqjymwg4yluuzzastjkxloyxu13els0qsxbjoybxqdadfohbt5y_aem_j_szesh4bslxhq0zofnvlq
https://pressbooks.online.ucf.edu/lumenpsychology/chapter/maslows-hierarchy-of-needs/?
fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR3iwnorn5uIm0j_DdYP7ZU80jB5WCDdSfcKYUxbDclM4LBTtmw3OwCj1Js_aem_A518-joXpucW11aFGQvtFg
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383241976_Maslow%27s_Hierarchy_of_Needs?
fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR2rxnTSvW1Q9AXH0hJi4zIuKGyt7mAzCmveYXPQcbe6ZkVRy0EttLLvuso_aem_86fP34Qo6lGZYsSqvWIhtQ
QUIZ TIME!
Patricia Benner was born on1.
A. August 31, 1942
B. August 13, 1946
C. September 21, 1942
D. January 23, 1939
A. August 31, 1942
B. August 13, 1946
C. September 21, 1942
D. January 23, 1939
2. How many books she published?
A. 10 Books
B. 6 Books
C. 9 Books
D. 15 Books
A. 10 Books
B. 6 Books
C. 9 Books
D. 15 Books
3. In the "Novice to Expert" model, which stage describes a
nurse who acts based on deep experience and intuitive
understanding of complex situations?
1.
A. Novice
B. Advanced Beginner
C. Competent
D. Expert
nurse who acts based on deep experience and intuitive
understanding of complex situations?
1.
A. Novice
B. Advanced Beginner
C. Competent
D. Expert
A. COMPETENT
B. EXPERT
C. PROFICIENT
D. NOVICE
4. According to Dr. Patricia Benner's theory, which of the
following is the first stage in the progression of nursing
expertise?
B. EXPERT
C. PROFICIENT
D. NOVICE
4. According to Dr. Patricia Benner's theory, which of the
following is the first stage in the progression of nursing
expertise?
A. The importance of patient-centered care
B. The stages of skill development in nurses
C. The impact of technology on nursing practice
D. The role of communication in healthcare
teams
5. What is the main focus of Dr. Patricia Benner's
"Novice to Expert" theory in nursing?
B. The stages of skill development in nurses
C. The impact of technology on nursing practice
D. The role of communication in healthcare
teams
5. What is the main focus of Dr. Patricia Benner's
"Novice to Expert" theory in nursing?
6. Dr. Patricia Benner's theory was primarily based on
which model of skill acquisition?
A. Dreyfus Model
B. Maslow's Hierarchy
C. Piaget's Stages of Development
D. Pavlov's Conditioning
which model of skill acquisition?
A. Dreyfus Model
B. Maslow's Hierarchy
C. Piaget's Stages of Development
D. Pavlov's Conditioning
7. Where did Dr. Patricia Benner earn her Ph.D.?
A. Harvard University
B. University of California, San Francisco (UCSF)
C. Stanford University
D. Yale University
A. Harvard University
B. University of California, San Francisco (UCSF)
C. Stanford University
D. Yale University
8. Dr. Benner's theory suggests that nursing
expertise is developed primarily through:
A. Reading textbooks
B. Clinical experience
C. Attending conferences
D. Watching videos
expertise is developed primarily through:
A. Reading textbooks
B. Clinical experience
C. Attending conferences
D. Watching videos
9.The "Proficient" stage in Benner's theory is
characterized by a nurse's ability to
A. Memorize procedures
B. Follow strict rules without question
C. Understand and interpret situations
as a whole
D. Seek constant supervision
characterized by a nurse's ability to
A. Memorize procedures
B. Follow strict rules without question
C. Understand and interpret situations
as a whole
D. Seek constant supervision
10. Which of the following is not a stage in Dr.
Patricia Benner's "Novice to Expert" theory
A. Competent
B. Advanced Beginner
C. Professional
D. Expert
Patricia Benner's "Novice to Expert" theory
A. Competent
B. Advanced Beginner
C. Professional
D. Expert
11. What is the lowest level of Maslow's Hierarchy
of Needs?
A. Esteem Needs
B. Love and Belongingness Needs
C. Physiological Needs
D. Self-Actualization
of Needs?
A. Esteem Needs
B. Love and Belongingness Needs
C. Physiological Needs
D. Self-Actualization
12. Which of the following needs is at the top of
Maslow's Hierarchy?
A. Safety Needs
B. Esteem Needs
C. Self-Actualization
D. Love and Belongingness Needs
Maslow's Hierarchy?
A. Safety Needs
B. Esteem Needs
C. Self-Actualization
D. Love and Belongingness Needs
13. According to Maslow, which of the following
needs must be fulfilled first before any other
higher needs can be addressed?
A. Physiological Needs
B. Esteem Needs
C. Self-Actualization Needs
D. Love and Belongingness Needs
needs must be fulfilled first before any other
higher needs can be addressed?
A. Physiological Needs
B. Esteem Needs
C. Self-Actualization Needs
D. Love and Belongingness Needs
14. What type of needs includes friendship,
intimacy, and family according to Maslow's
Hierarchy?
A. Esteem Needs
B. Safety Needs
C. Love and Belongingness Needs
D. Self-Actualization Needs
intimacy, and family according to Maslow's
Hierarchy?
A. Esteem Needs
B. Safety Needs
C. Love and Belongingness Needs
D. Self-Actualization Needs
15.Maslow’s theory is a part of which
psychological approach?
A. Behavioral
B. Cognitive
C. Humanistic
D. Psychoanalytic
psychological approach?
A. Behavioral
B. Cognitive
C. Humanistic
D. Psychoanalytic
16. According to Maslow, what is necessary for a
person to reach the Self-Actualization stage?
A. Accumulating wealth
B. Fulfilling lower-level needs like safety and love
C. Attaining high social status
D. Following strict rules and guidelines
person to reach the Self-Actualization stage?
A. Accumulating wealth
B. Fulfilling lower-level needs like safety and love
C. Attaining high social status
D. Following strict rules and guidelines
A. Safety Needs
B. Esteem Needs
C. Physiological Needs
D. Self-Actualization Needa
17. Which level of Maslow's Hierarchy involves
achieving one's full potential, including
creativity and problem-solving?
B. Esteem Needs
C. Physiological Needs
D. Self-Actualization Needa
17. Which level of Maslow's Hierarchy involves
achieving one's full potential, including
creativity and problem-solving?
18. Safety Needs in Maslow’s Hierarchy refer to
A. Physical and emotional security
B. High self-esteem
C. Social relationships
D. Spiritual fulfillment
A. Physical and emotional security
B. High self-esteem
C. Social relationships
D. Spiritual fulfillment
19. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is often depicted
as a:
A. Circle
B. Ladder
C. Pyramid
D. Square
as a:
A. Circle
B. Ladder
C. Pyramid
D. Square
20. Esteem Needs in Maslow’s theory include:
A. Basic survival needs
B. Security and safety
C. Respect, recognition, and self-
confidence
D. Artistic and creative fulfillment
A. Basic survival needs
B. Security and safety
C. Respect, recognition, and self-
confidence
D. Artistic and creative fulfillment
A. August 31, 19421.
C. 9 Books2.
D. Expert3.
D. NOVICE4.
B. The stages of skill development in nurses5.
A. Dreyfus Model6.
B. University of California, San Francisco (UCSF)7.
B. Clinical experience8.
C. Understand and interpret situations as a whole9.
C. Professional10.
C. 9 Books2.
D. Expert3.
D. NOVICE4.
B. The stages of skill development in nurses5.
A. Dreyfus Model6.
B. University of California, San Francisco (UCSF)7.
B. Clinical experience8.
C. Understand and interpret situations as a whole9.
C. Professional10.
11.C. Physiological Needs
12.C. Self-Actualization
13.A. Physiological Needs
14.C. Love and Belongingness Needs
15.C. Humanistic
16.B. Fulfilling lower-level needs like safety and love
17.D. Self-Actualization Needs
18.A. Physical and emotional security
19.C. Pyramid
20.C. Respect, recognition, and self-confidence
12.C. Self-Actualization
13.A. Physiological Needs
14.C. Love and Belongingness Needs
15.C. Humanistic
16.B. Fulfilling lower-level needs like safety and love
17.D. Self-Actualization Needs
18.A. Physical and emotional security
19.C. Pyramid
20.C. Respect, recognition, and self-confidence
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